A&p 1-1-1 Structural/functional Organization Of The Human Body

Front 1

DEFINE: The science of structure and the relationshi among other structures of the human body.

Back 1

Anatomy

Front 2

DEFINE: The science of body funtions, that is, how the body parts work.

Back 2

Physiology

Front 3

Because funtion can never be separated completely from structure, we can understand the human body best by studying anatomy and physiology ________.

Back 3

Together

Front 4

From smallest to largest, there are six levels of organization of the human body.

Back 4

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal

Front 5

What are the smallest units of matter that participates in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more of these are joined.

Back 5

Atoms

Front 6

_____ are the basic structural functional units of an organism.

Back 6

Cells

Front 7

THE CELLULAR LEVEL: These combine to form structures.

Back 7

Molecules

Front 8

What are the smallest living units in the human body?

Back 8

Cells

Front 9

The largest level of organism. All the systems of the body combine to make up an ________, that is, one human being.

Back 9

Organism

Front 10

This ensures that the body's internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside the body.

Back 10

Homeostasis

Front 11

A large part of the internal environment consists of the fliud surrounding body cells called what?

Back 11

Interstitial fluid

Front 12

This level of the structural organization are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a perticular function.

Back 12

The tissue level

Front 13

What are the four types of tissue in the body?

Back 13

NECM

Nervous

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Front 14

This structural level is where different kinds of tussues join together to form body structures.

Back 14

The organ level

Front 15

what is the name of the layer around the outside of the stomache that protects it and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs.

Back 15

Serous membrane

Front 16

Underneath the serous membrane are what? These contract to churn and mix food and push it on to the next digestive organ, the small intestine.

Back 16

Smooth muscle tissue layers

Front 17

What is the inner most lining of the stomache, which contributes fluid and chemicals that aid digestion.

Back 17

Epithelial tissue layer

Front 18

This consists of related organs that have a common function.

Back 18

The system level

Front 19

Organs usually have a recognizable shape, are composed of two or more different types of tissues and have ________ functions.

Back 19

Specific

Front 20

Homeostatic mechanisms of the body are mainly under the congtrol of two systems. What are they?

Back 20

Nervous

Endocrine

Front 21

In regard to homeostatic mechanisms, what is the responsibility of the nervous system?

Back 21

DETECTS changes in balanced state

Sends messages (nerve impulses) to organs

This counters changes

Front 22

In regard to homeostatic mechanisms, what is the responsibility of the endocrine system?

Back 22

CORRECTS changes

Secreting molecules (hormones) into blood.

Hormones affect body cells

Cause response to restore homeostasis

Front 23

Each monitored condition, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed what?

Back 23

A controlled condition.

Front 24

Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition is called what?

Back 24

Stimulus

Front 25

What are the three basic components that make up a feedback system?

Back 25

Receptor

Control Center

Effector

Front 26

In the feedback system, what is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information called the inpur to a control center.

Back 26

Receptor

Front 27

Input from a receptor is in the form of what?

Back 27

Nerve impulses

or

Chemical signals

Front 28

In the feedback system, what sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be mainteined, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.

Back 28

Command center

Front 29

Output from the control center is information, in the form of what?

Back 29

Nerve impulses

or

Chemical signals

Front 30

In the feedback system, this receives outputfrom the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

Back 30

Effector

Front 31

Nearly every _____ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector.

Back 31

Organ

Front 32

Negative feedback system ________ a change in a controlled condition.

Back 32

Reverse

Front 33

Positive feedback system __________ a change in a controlled condition.

Back 33

Strengthen

Front 34

Normal positive feedback systems tent o reinforce what kind of conditions? Give examples.

Back 34

Don't happen very often.

Childbirth

Ovulation

Blood clotting

Front 35

Because a positive feedback system continually reinforces a change in a controlled condition, how is it shut off?

Back 35

Some event from the outside system.

Front 36

If the action of the positive feedback system isn't stopped, it can do what?

Back 36

"Run away"

Life-threatening changes in body

Front 37

To prevent any kind of confusion, schentists and health-care professionals refer to one standard __________ position and use special vocabulary for relating body parts to one another.

Back 37

Anatomical

Front 38

In the study of anatomy, descriptions of any part of the body assumes the body is in a specific stance called what?

Back 38

Anatomical position

Front 39

In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the ________, with the head level and the eyes facing forward.

Back 39

Observer

Front 40

In the anatomical position, the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned _______.

Back 40

Forward

Front 41

In the anatomical position, the body is upright. How would you describe a dogy lying face down of lying face up?

Back 41

Face down: Prone

Face up: Supine

Front 42

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.

Back 42

Superior (cephalic or cranial)

Front 43

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane.

Back 43

Anterior (ventral)

Front 44

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Nearer to or at the back of the body.

Back 44

Posterior (dorsal)

Front 45

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Nearer to the midline of misdagittal plane.

Back 45

Medial

Front 46

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane.

Back 46

Lateral

Front 47

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning.

Back 47

Proximal

Front 48

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning.

Back 48

Distal

Front 49

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Toward or on the surface of the body.

Back 49

Superficial

Front 50

ANATOMICAL TERMS: Away from the surface of the body

Back 50

Deep

Front 51

What are the four major planes that are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body part(s)?

Back 51

Sagittal

Frontal

Transverse

Obliquee

Front 52

What is the verticle plane that divides the body or an organ into the right and left sides.

Back 52

Sagittal plane

Front 53

Such a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it inot equal right and left sides.

Back 53

Midsagittal plane

Front 54

This plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the gody or an organ into unequal right and left sides.

Back 54

Parasagittal plane

Front 55

This plane divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Back 55

Frontal plane

or

Coronal plane

Front 56

This plane divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Back 56

Transverse plane

or

Cross-sectional plane

or

Horizontal plane

Front 57

Of all the planes, which are all at right angles to one another?

Back 57

Sagittal

Frontal

Transverse

Front 58

This is the spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs.

Back 58

Body cavaties

Front 59

The major cavities of the trunk are the ________ and __________ cavities.

Back 59

Thoracic

Abdominopelvic