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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ASAM Definition of Addiction |
Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.Addiction is characterized by an inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. |
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ASAM Definition Continued |
Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death.
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According To Text Re: Alcohol |
Alcohol is the oldest known and at present, the most widely used psychoactive drug. |
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Types of Alcoholic Beverages |
Wine Beer Distilled Spirits |
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Digestion |
1. Digestion in the body's way of breaking down food in order to get and use the material it needs. |
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Fermentation |
A natural process that occurs when yeasts combine with plants. Water, yeast, and sugar required. |
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Distillation |
1. Start with a fermented brew 2. Boil it and the alcohol separates from the liquid. 3. Collect the steam. |
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Alcohol |
1. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) the drinkable form. 2. "Alcohol congeners" = other chemicals that contribute to taste, aroma, etc. (especially whiskey, brandy). |
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Digestion |
1. Digestion is the body's way of breaking down food in order to get and use the material it needs. no nutrients (unless added). |
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Metabolism (In Case of Alcohol Oxidation) |
The breakdown of products into energy AND the use of energy. |
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Metabolism |
1. Chemical reaction 2. Break down matter 3. Absorbs matter 4. This mostly occurs in the liver |
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Alcohol Ingestion and Absorption |
1. Small amounts are absorbed in the mouth 2. 20% to 30% (men) into the stomach 3. 80% in the small intestine. |
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Absorption Rate |
Increases amount of drinking absorption rate: ~Empty stomach ~High alcohol concentration ~Carbonation ~Warmed drink |
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Absorption is Slowed By |
~Food presence before or during drinking ~Dilution (ice, water, juice) |
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Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) |
~ An enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) (mostly in the liver) mediates the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde. ~ ADH functions in the stomach in different degrees for men and women. Women have less/less water. |
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Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)
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1. ADH converts alcohol to ACETALDEHYDE which is very toxic to the body, especially the liver. 2. ACETALDEHYDE is converted to acetic acid (nontoxic) by ADHL. 3. Converted one chemical to one chemical which makes it toxic/enzymes change it to something tolerable. |
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ALDH |
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase |
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Blood Alcohol Concentration |
~The rate which alcohol is consumed ~The amount of alcohol consumed ~Concentration of alcohol ~Is the blood level falling or raising ~Body weight ~Amount of food in stomach ~Male or female ~Physical illness can contribute |
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BAC |
Blood Alcohol Concentration |
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BAC info |
~BAC is presented as a % from 0.00 - 0.7 Highest is achieved 30-90 minutes after drinking ~Goes through intestine into blood stream ~A raising BAC cause greater physical impairment at the same concentration, compared to a falling BAC. ? |
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BAC Limit Defining Legal Intoxication |
.08 |
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Toxic BAC Level |
Above .40 |
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BAC Women |
~Have less ADH than men, so less alcohol
metabolized in the stomach, alcohol reaches bloodstream through the small intestine. ~Women have less water content which means alcohol is not diluted as much. |
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Body Weight (Women) |
Women have a higher content of body fat which allows alcohol to remain in the system for longer. |
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Female Sex Hormones |
Women absorb more during premenstrual period |
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Binge Drinking |
5 or more drinks for men 4 or more for females |
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Heavy Drinking |
Binge at least 5 times a month |
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Drugs Used to Treat Alcohol Dependence |
~Campral (Acamprosate) - Does not make you ill. ~Antabuse (Disulfiram - Makes you ill, inhibits ADH ~Naltrexone or Vivitrol - diminishes rumination. Used for Heroin |
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Pancreatitis |
Inflammation of Panatris |
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Pancreas |
Breaks down what you eat.
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Gallstones |
Decreases risk |
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Visible Symptoms of Chronic Use |
~Increased perspiration ~Bruises ~Enlarged nose |
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Cirrhosis |
~Permanent destruction of the liver cells ~Cells replaced by permanent scar tissue |
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Alcoholic Heart Disease |
Beriberi Heart Disease |
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Organ not Affected By Alcohol |
Kidneys |
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Chronic/Heavy Use |
~Testicles smaller ~Redness or yellowing of the skin (Jaundice) |
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Affects on The Respiratory System |
~Lung cancer ~Pneumonias ~Sleep apnea |
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Effects on The Skeletal System |
~Arthritis ~Muscle damage 40% to 60% |
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Blackout |
Amnesia |
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Delirium Tremens-DT's |
~Hallucinations ~Confusion ~Tremulousness ~Agitation |
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Withdrawal Symptoms |
~Hyperarousal(increased psychological and physiological tension, reduced pain tolerance, anxiety,exaggerated startle responses, insomnia, fatigue, and accentuation of personality traits) ~Seizures ~Lowers blood alcohol |
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Jaundice |
Caused by bile produced in the liver |
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Ascites |
~Fluid in the abdominal cavity
~Makes you look pregnant |
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Benefits of Low Doses of Alcohol |
~Relaxes muscle tension ~Stimulaters appetite ~Reduces Heart Disease ~Decreases Gallstones ~Slows bone loss ~Lowers risk of strokes ~Sleep induction |
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Neurotransmitters Involved |
~Serotonin (Depression, Anxiety, poor impulse control) ~Dopamine (compulsion) ~Norepinephrine (create fear) ~Endorphines/Enkephalins (pain killer) ~Gluamate (staggering, slurred speech and memory blackouts) ~GABA (lowers inhibitions) |
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Wernicke's Encephalopathy |
~Delirium ~Loss of balance ~Visual problems ~Unsteady gate |
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Korsakoffs Psychosis |
~Disorientation ~Poor memory ~Confabulation |
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Neurochemistry - Axon Terminals |
~Increases release of Dopamine and Norepinephrine (Reward Pleasure System) ~Initially increases Serotonin (calmness) then causes depression) ~Endorphines/Enkephalins (relief of pain) ~Glutamate (pleasurable sensation/reinforces drinking) |
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Neurochemistry - Postsynaptic Receptor Sites |
~Increases Dopamine ~Reduces Glutamate (decreases memory processing/Blackouts) ~Stimulates GABA (lowers inhibitions/slows brain processes, takes longer to respond) |
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Neurotransmitters & Withdrawal |
1. Initially, increases effects of GABA, causing drowsiness and depressing other body functions.
2. Over time the brain compensates causing hyperarousal, causing anxiety, increased muscle activity, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), hypertension and seizures. 3. 30% reduction in Serotonin, correlates to depression and anxiety. |
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Alcohol Withdrawal |
~Rapid pulse ~Sweating ~Increased body temperature ~Tremors ~Anxiety ~Depression ~Insomnia ~Nausea or vomiting |