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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anxiety
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an unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger dread, and physiological arousal
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Trait Anxiety
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an individual’s tendency to respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety
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State Anxiety
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an individual’s level of anxiety at a specific time.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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chronic, pervasive, and debilitating nervousness
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Panic Disorder
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panic attacks that cause ongoing distress or impairment
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Panic Attack
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discrete episodes of acute terror in the absence of real danger
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Phobia
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an intense, persistent and irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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Social Phobia
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a phobia in which fears are focused on social situations or other activities where there is a possibility of being observed and judged
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Agoraphobia
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a fear of wide open spaces or crowded places
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Specific phobia
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any phobia that is not a social phobia or agoraphobia
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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an anxiety disorder in which distressing and unwanted thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that significantly interfere with daily functioning
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Obsessions
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unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses
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Compulsions
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irrational rituals that are repeated in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by obessional thoughts
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Trauma
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an emotionally overwhelming experience in which there is a possibility of death or serious injury to oneself for a loved one
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Acute stress disorder
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significant posttraumatic anxiety symptoms that occur within one month of a traumatic experience
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Posttraumatic stress disorder
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significant posttraumatic anxiety symptoms occurring more than one month after a traumatic experience
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Flashback
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a vivid and often overwhelming recollection of a past traumatic experience
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Comorbidity
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the presence of two or more disorders in one person or a general association between two ore more different disorders
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Nervios
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a term used by lation populations in Latin America and the USA to describe a range of symptoms of nervous distress
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Attaque de Nervios
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a term used in some Latino cultures to describe an episode of intense anxiety
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Shenjing shuairuo
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an anxiety syndrome recognized in china including symptoms of physical or mental exhaustion, difficulty sleeping and concentrating, physical pains, dizziness, headaches, and memory loss
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Taijin kyofusho
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an anxiety disorder recognized in Japan characterized by worry that one’s body or aspects of one’s body will be displeasing or offensive to others.
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Temporal contiguity
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two events occurring closely together in time
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Negative reinforcement
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increasing the probability of a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus
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Prepared conditioning
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classical conditioning based on an evolutionary derived sensitivity to certain stimuli that were dangerous in an ancestral environment
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Fear hierarchy
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in systematic desensitization, a list of feared situations ranging from least to most terrifying
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In vivo desensitization
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behavioral desensitization training in which the client is actually confronted with the feared stimulus
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Covert desensitization
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behavioral desensitization intervention for phobias in which the client practices relaxation technique while imagining being confronted with the feared stimulus
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Flooding
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intensive exposure to a feared stimulus.
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introceptive exposure
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deliberate induction of the physiological sensations typically associated with a panic attack
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Exposure and response prevention
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a behavioral intervention in which clients are encouraged to confront a frightening thought or situation and then prevented from engaging in anxiety-reducing behaviors.
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Covert response prevention
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exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder clients whose compulsions are mental processes (not behaviors)
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Prolonged imaginal exposure
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a behavioral intervention in which clients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder are encouraged to describe the traumatizing experiences in detail
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Cognitive schemas
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mental models of the world that are used to organize information
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Cognitive distortions
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irrational beliefs and thinking processes
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Dichotomous reasoning
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a cognitive distortion involving thinking in terms of extremes and absolutes
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Catastrophiziing
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a cognitive distortion involving the tendency to view minor problems as major catastrophes
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Labeling
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a cognitive distortion in which people or situations are characterized on the basis of global, not specific features.
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Personalization
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a cognitive distortion in which one wrongly assumes that he or she is the cause of a particular event.
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Fight or flight response
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extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal that prepares animals to flee or attack when faced with danger
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Limbic system
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a group of subcortical structures involved in the experience and expression of emotions and the formation of memories
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Amygdala
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a brain structure which registers the emotional significance of sensory signals and contributes to the expression of emotion
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Hippocampus
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a brain structure involved in the formation of new memories
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Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
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a neurotransmitter that inhibits nervous system activity
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Norepinephrine
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a neurotransmitter associated with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system… involved in depression and panic attacks
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Locus coeruleus
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a part of the brain stem associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system
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Serotonins
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a neurotransmitter associated with depression and anxiety
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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a ‘second generation’ class of antidepressant medications that block the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse… used for depression
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Tricyclic antidepressants
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a ‘first generation’ class of antidepressant medications which increases the availability of both serotonin and norepinephrine
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Barbiturates
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sedative drugs sometimes used to treat anxiety
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Benzodiazepines
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sedative drugs that treat anxiety by increasing the activity of GABA
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Beta-Blockers
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drugs that treat anxiety by decreasing the activity of norepinephrine
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Azaspirones
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drugs that great anxiety by regulating serotonin
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Repression
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a defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content
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Displacement
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defense mechanism in which feelings about someone or something are unconsciously shifted to someone or something else
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Oedipus complex
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a phase during normal development when children desire an exclusive loving relationship with the parent of the opposite sex
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Projection
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defense mechanism in which an individual attributes his or her own unacceptable emotions to something or someone else
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Isolation of affect
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a defense mechanism in which thoughts occur without associated feelings
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Undoing
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a defense mechanism in which one action or thought is used to ‘cancel out’ another action or thought.
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HPA axis
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a brain system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex that regulates the release of stress hormones into the bloodstream
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