Antr 350 Unit 3

Front 1

Levels of the nervous system?

Back 1

Front 2

Afferent versus Efferent?

Back 2

Afferent arrives, efferent exits/escapes

Front 3

Is gray matter myelinated or not?

Back 3

Unmyelinated

Front 4

Does gray matter contain cell bodies?

Back 4

Yes

Front 5

Is white matter myelinated?

Back 5

Yes

Front 6

Contents of the CNS

Back 6

Brain, spinal cord, and CSF. Housed in the dorsal body cavities.

Front 7

Content of the PNS

Back 7

Cranial and spinal nerves - sends sensory info to the CNS

Front 8

Interoreceptors

Back 8

Sensory neurons for BP, O2, CO2, temp, etc.

Front 9

Interneurons

Back 9

99% of all neurons - convert sensory and motor neurons

Front 10

Glial cells

Back 10

Structural, functional, maintenance within the CNS

Front 11

Which layer of the cerebrum is the white matter? Which layer of the spinal cord is the white matter?

Back 11

Cerebrum - inside

Spinal cord, outside

Front 12

What are the raised regions of the cerebrum called? The grooves?

Back 12

Gyri and sulci

Front 13

What is the line that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Back 13

Longitudinal fissure

Front 14

Which side of the brain is more artistic?

Back 14

Right

Front 15

What connects the cerebrum to the brainstem?

Back 15

Diencephalon - hypothalamus and thalamus

Front 16

Which part of the brain is termed "little brain"?

Back 16

Cerebellum

Front 17

Damage to the cerebellum produces what?

Back 17

Ataxia - basically paralysis

Front 18

What is a contusion?

Back 18

Visible bruising of the brain

Front 19

What is hydrocephalus?

Back 19

Water on the brain due to excessive CSF

Front 20

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

Back 20

Foramen magnum --> L1/L2 vertebrae (end location varies within the population)

Front 21

What are the layers of the spinal meninges from outside to inside?

Back 21

Dura, subdura, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia

Front 22

Where do you insert the needle during a spinal tap?

Back 22

L3/L4 or L4/L5

Front 23

All spinal nerves exit inferior to same numbered vertebrae except for which group?

Back 23

C1-C7

Front 24

Below which vertebrae does the cauda equina form?

Back 24

L2

Front 25

Label the following: Central canal, ventral primary ramus, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal primary ramus, lateral horn, spinal nerve, sensory afferent, ventral horn, dorsal horn, motor efferent

Back 25

Front 26

Which rami (ventral/dorsal) form plexuses?

Back 26

Ventral - form in the neck, upper limb, and lower limb

Front 27

Where are ventral rami located?

Back 27

Costal groove of the rib

Front 28

Which are dorsal rami GSE's for? Which are they GSA's for?

Back 28

GSE - intrinsic back muscles

GSA - skin of the back

Front 29

What are dermatomes?

Back 29

Sensory distribution of spinal nerves

Front 30

What are the three important dermatomes?

Back 30

T4 - nipple

T10 - umbilicus

T12/L1 - groin

Front 31

What are myotomes?

Back 31

Group of muscles innervated by ventral roots of spinal cord segment

Front 32

What is a nerve pathway for a rapid, unconscious, automatic response?

Back 32

Reflex arc

Front 33

What is a common example of a spinal reflex?

Back 33

The knee jerk reflex

Front 34

What is a bundle of neuron axons in the PNS? The CNS?

Back 34

PNS - nerve

CNS - tract

Front 35

What is the pneumonic for remembering the cranial nerves?

Back 35

Old Opticians occasionally Try To Avoid Facial Visits Gladly Because(vagus) Accidents Happen

Front 36

What is biofeedback?

Back 36

Way to manipulate the ANS, such as relaxation to alter blood pressure

Front 37

What is the ANS traditionally defined as?

Back 37

A visceral efferent (motor) system (GVE!)

Front 38

What is the parasympathetic nervous system known as?

Back 38

The craniosacral division

Front 39

What is the sympathetic nervous system known as?

Back 39

Thoracolumbar

Front 40

Which of the sympathetic nervous system's preganglionic or postganglionic fibers are long or short?

Back 40

Pre = short

Post = long

(opposite is true of parasym.)

Front 41

Which nervous system is a 1 neuron system, and which is 2?

Back 41

1 = GSE - somatic

2 = GVE - autonomic

Front 42

What are autonomic ganglia?

Back 42

POSTganglionic cell bodies in the sympathetic nervous system within the PNS

Front 43

What is the difference between PARAvertebral and PREvertebral autonomic ganglia?

Back 43

PARA runs parallel to the VC

PRE is in front of the VC

Front 44

Which sympathetic efferent pathways have their preganglionic fibers below the diaphragm?

Back 44

4-6

Front 45

Which of the first 3 sympathetic efferent pathways descend?

Back 45

3

(1 stay at the same level, 2 ascends)

Front 46

What is the difference between 4-6 symp. efferent pathways?

Back 46

4. Jumps of the chain to the heart/lungs

5. Uses the splanchnic circulation

6. Special pathway for the adrenal medulla

Front 47

Where does symp. efferent pathway #6 synapse?

Back 47

In the adrenal medulla

Front 48

What is the difference between the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic terminal and intermural ganglia?

Back 48

Terminal - near the target organ

Intermural - in the wall of the target organ

Front 49

What does the parasympathetic NS not innervate?

Back 49

Skin and arterioles

Front 50

Which gland is not secreted by the parasymp. NS?

Back 50

Sweat

Front 51

Which fibers from the sympathetic and parasym. NS typically make up autonomic plexuses?

Back 51

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasym. fibers

Front 52

Which pregang. parasym. fiber is not from the CNX, and where is is from?

Back 52

Hypogastric - splanchnic nerve

Front 53

What is visceral pain?

Back 53

Pain from injury, inflammation, ischemia, over-distention, or obstruction of a visceral organ (i.e. heart, lungs, stomach)

Front 54

What is referred pain?

Back 54

Pain is felt in a somatic structure distant from the location of the actual painful organ

Front 55

Can you have visceral pain without referred pain?

Back 55

Yes

Front 56

What is horner syndrome?

Back 56

Damage to the symp. innervation to the head.

Front 57

What is ptosis?

Back 57

Drooping of the superior eyelid

Front 58

What is Miosis?

Back 58

Paralysis of the dilator pupillae muscle

Front 59

What is anhydrosis?

Back 59

Without sweat

Front 60

What is an epidural hematoma?

Back 60

Blood pooling between the bone and dura matter in the skull

Front 61

How is CSF reabsorbed into the bloodstream?

Back 61

By venous circulation in the cranial cavity through Arachnoid villus

Front 62

What are the three layers of the brainstem?

Back 62

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Front 63

Which layer of the brainstem houses the 4th ventricle?

Back 63

The pons

Front 64

Which layer of the brainstem controls breathing?

Back 64

The pons

Front 65

How many components are there to a reflex arc, and what are they?

Back 65

2 components.

1) Afferent limb: Sensory --> CNS

2) Efferent limb: Motor --> Effector organ

Front 66

Does a spinal tap need to be higher or lower in children and infants?

Back 66

Lower.

Front 67

[LR6(SO4)]3

Back 67

Lateral rectus - CN VI

Superior oblique - CN IV

All others - CN III

Front 68

Which cranial nerves are a part of the sensory loop of the gag reflex?

Back 68

CN IX

Front 69

Which cranial nerves are a part of the motor reflex of the gag reflex?

Back 69

CN V, X, XII

Front 70

Which cranial nerve never exits the skull?

Back 70

CN VIII

Front 71

What connects the 3rd ventricle of the diencephalon to the 4th ventricle located inthe pons

Back 71

Cerebral aqueduct

Front 72

Is there adifference between the epidural space in the cranial cavity and the spinalcavity?

Back 72

Yes! Cranial cavity is a potential space in case of epidural hemorrhage. Spinal cavity is an actual space filled with fat.