Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
antimicrobial definition
|
inhibits growth of a compound --> synthetic or altered from living organism
|
|
|
antibiotic definition
|
produced by one living organism and inhibits growth of another
|
|
|
major sites of activity of antimicrobial action
|
Nucleic acid synthesis
Protein synthesis Cell wall integrity – these work best on organisms in logarithmic growth phase by actively making cell wall |
|
|
antimicrobial groups that interfere with cell wall synthesis
|
Beta-lactams
Glycopeptides Vancomycin note: these cells do not work on organisms without a cell wall such as mycoplasma |
|
|
antimicrobial groups that interfere with DNA metabolism: by preventing purine synthesis
|
Sulfonamides – inhibit PABA (an enzyme in folic acid production)
Diaminopyrimidines - inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (inc. trimethoprim) Potentiated sulfonamides (Sulfa + Diaminopyrimidines) |
|
|
antimicrobial groups that interfere with DNA metabolism: Topoisomerase Inhibitor
|
Fluoroquinolones
|
|
|
antimicrobial groups that interfere with DNA metabolism: alters DNA Metronidazole – Intermediate is toxic to cell via alteration of DNA
|
Works best in anaerobic environment because it is reduce
|
|
|
antimicrobial groups that inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting 50S ribosome
|
Macrolides, Lincosamides, Phenicols (inc. chloramphenicol)
MC50 AT30 |
|
|
antimicrobial groups that inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting 30S ribosome
|
aminoglycosides/ aminocyclitals, tetracyclines
MC50 AT30 |
|
|
Pharmacodynamics for antimicrobial
|
time dependent: need drug concentration to stay above MIC for 50% of dosing time
or concentration dependent: peak concentration needs to reach at least 8-10X MIC, then can drop below |
|
|
MIC
|
[drug] required to inhibit growth of bact
|
|
|
MBC
|
[drug] required to kill bacteria
|
|
|
bacteriostatic drug
|
takes a lot more drug to kill vs. inhibit; big gap btn MIC and MBC
|
|
|
bateriosidal drugs
|
smaller gap btn MIC and MBC
|
|
|
"breakpoint " in relation to antimicrobials
|
threshold btn susceptible and resistant; different for each drug and organism
|
|
|
-oxcin
|
fluoroqunolones
|
|
|
Aminoglycosides: general info
|
antimicrobial
MOA: inhibits 30S ribosome Abs: Poor oral, rapid/complete IM or SQ Dist: EC space, conc in perilymph of inner ear & renal cortex/tubular cells (Vd = .2-.4 L/kg – dist to interstitial & vascular space) PD: concentration dependant ADE: Nephrotoxic, Ototoxic (auditory & vestibular) Metab/Elim: Kidney |
|
|
-micin or -mycin
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
|
aminoglycosides: specific drugs
|
amikacin, dihydrostreptomycin, gentamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, apramycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, paromomysin
|
|
|
amikacin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
kanamycin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
apramycin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
streptomycin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
neomycin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
aminoglycoside
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
gentamycin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
dihydrostreptomycin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
tobramycin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
paromomysin
|
aminoglycoside
|
|
|
aminocyclital: general info
|
antimicrobial group
PD: concentration dependant Same MOA as aminoglycosides, but not assoc with renal injury MOA: inhibit 30S ribosome |
|
|
aminocyclital: specific drugs
|
Spectinomycin
|
|
|
Spectinomycin
|
aminocyclital
|
|
|
Lincosamides: general info
|
PD: time dependent
MOA: inhibits 50S ribosome ADE: V/D, ketosis, HS rxns, irregular behavior metab/elim: liver |
|
|
Lincosamides: specific drugs
|
lincomycin
clindamycin |
|
|
lincomycin
|
lincosamide
|
|
|
clindamycin
|
lincosamide
|
|
|
glycopeptides
|
antimicrobial: interferes with cell wall synthesis
ADE:nephrotoxic, histamine release drug of last resort |
|
|
examples of glycopeptides
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
vancomycin
|
glycopeptide
|
|
|
beta-lactems
|
antimicrobial: inhibits cell wall synthesis
gram + more susceptialbe often given with clavulanic acid to potentiate PD: need conc above MIC for 50% of dosing to work ADE: allergic reactions, GI upset, neurotoxicity (seizures) esp pen G b/c procaine in horses, vomiting safe to use in pts with liver disease b/c metab/elim via kidney lots of types! |
|
|
Types of Beta-lactems
|
Pencillins, natural penicillins, aminopenicillins (synthetic), beta-lactamase resistant penicillins, anti pseudomonal penicillins, cephaosporings, carbepenems
|
|
|
Natural Penicillin
|
Beta- Lactem antimicrobial
Penicillin G (systemic) Benzathinine Pen G=longest apparent T1/2 Procaine Pen G = can cause seizures in horses Na+ or K+ Pen G= shortest; give IV |
|
|
Aminopenicillins
|
type of penicillin
systemic CI: orally in horses & rabbits due to disrutption of GI flora amoxicillin + Clavulanate (clavamox) ampicillin |
|
|
ampicillin
|
aminopenicillin
|
|
|
amoxicillin + clavulanate
|
aminopenicillin
|
|
|
How does a bacteria become resistent to beta lactames
|
PBP mutation or inc enzyme that degrades Beta lactams
|
|
|
beta lactamase resistant penicllins
|
oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacilin, methicillin, nafcilllin
|
|
|
methicillin,
|
beta lactamase resistant penicllins
not clinically used. why do we have to know it? ... no idea |
|
|
nafcilllin
|
beta lactamase resistant penicllins
|
|
|
dicloxacilin
|
beta lactamase resistant penicllins
|
|
|
cloxacillin
|
beta lactamase resistant penicllins
|
|
|
oxacillin
|
beta lactamase resistant penicllins
|
|
|
antipseudomonal penicllins
|
carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin
|
|
|
carbenicillin
|
antipseudomonal penicllins
|
|
|
azlocillin
|
antipseudomonal penicllins
|
|
|
piperacillin
|
antipseudomonal penicllins
|
|
|
ticarcillin
|
***antipseudomonal penicillins
|
|
|
cephalosporins
|
type of Beta lactam
Abs: well orally, IM & SQ Dist: Vd=.2-.4 l/kg (in body water) ADE: Phlebitis, HS rxns, GI upset, Later generations --> thrombocytopenia divided into 7 groups 1st generation (more gram +) --> 3rd generation (more gram -) |
|
|
Group 1 cephalosporin
|
1st generation, parenteral
Cephapirin |
|
|
Cephapirin
|
1st generation, parental cephalosporin
|
|
|
group 2 cephalosporin
|
1st generation, oral
Cephalexin |
|
|
Cephalexin
|
1st generation, oral cephalosporin
|
|
|
group 4 cephalosporins
|
3rd Generation, parental
Cefotaxime Ceftiofur Cefovecin 3rd Generation most likely to penetrate CNS at thereauptic conc |
|
|
Cefotaxime
|
3rd generation cephalosporins, parental
|
|
|
Ceftiofur
|
3rd generation cephalosporins, parental
approved in horses metab to microb active desfuroyl |
|
|
Cefovecin
|
3rd generation cephalosporins, parental
|
|
|
Group 5 cephalosporins
|
3rd Generation, oral
cefpodoxime |
|
|
Cefpodoxime
|
3rd generation, oral cephalosporin
|
|
|
Carbepenems
|
type of beta lactam
Used only for highly resistant bugs ADE: seizures, nephrotoxic, hair loss at site of admin Imipenem Meropenem |
|
|
Imipenem
|
Carbepenems
|
|
|
Meropenem
|
Carbepenems
|
|
|
Phenicols
|
PD: time dependent
ADE: owner should wear gloves to admin tablets b/c chloramphenicol causes aplastic anemia in humans) also causes myelosup. in dogs, use w/ caution in cats b/c dec glucoronidase activity interacts with phenobarb metab/elim: liver |
|
|
specific drugs in phenicol group
|
Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol
|
|
|
Chloramphenicol
|
antimicrobial, phenicol
illegal in FA! causes aplastic anemia in humans |
|
|
Florfenicol
|
antimicrobil, phenicol
approved for cattle, not used in SA |
|
|
Tetracyclines
|
PD: time dependent
ADE: rapid IV admin-->cardiovascular colapse enteritis, esophageal lestions, inhibit growth of long bones in yount, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, HS rxns, photosensitiztion, teeth discoloration metab/elim: GI (kidney too) |
|
|
specific tetracycline drugs
|
chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline
|
|
|
chlortetracycline
|
tetracycline antimicrobial
|
|
|
doxycycline
|
tetracycline antimicrobial
used more commonly in vet med than tetracycline |
|
|
oxytetracycline
|
tetracycline antimicrobial
|
|
|
fluoroquinolones
|
PD: conc dependent
ADE: toxic to cartilage (arthropathy) esp young, retinal degeneration in cats (esp enro), more likely to cause seizures/CNS effects conc in milk b/c more lipid soluble metab/elim: liver/kidney extralabel use is illegal |
|
|
-cycline
|
tetracycline
|
|
|
-oxacin
|
fluoroquinolones
|
|
|
-mycin
|
macrolides
|
|
|
sulfa-
|
sulfonamides
|
|
|
specific fluoroquinolone drugs
|
enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, marbofloxacin
|
|
|
enrofloxacin
|
fluoroquinolone
can cause retinal degeneration in cats metab to microbiol active ciprofloxacin |
|
|
ciprofloxacin
|
fluoroquinolone
|
|
|
marbofloxacin
|
fluoroquinolone
|
|
|
Macrolide
|
ADE: V/D-> stim GI motility, hyperthermia, skin eruptions, hepatotoxic, elevated asp aminotransferase
conc in milk b/c weak base metab/elim: liver |
|
|
specific macrolide drugs:
|
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Tilmicosin, Tulathromycin, Tylosin
|
|
|
erythromycin
|
macrolide
ADE or use: inc. GI motility |
|
|
tilmicosin
|
macrolide
ADE: sudden death by injection |
|
|
Tulathromycin
|
macrolide
|
|
|
Tylosin
|
macrolide
|
|
|
Sulfonamide
|
ADE: crystlluria, KCS, hypothyroidism, HS rxn, hepatotoxic, hypoprothrombinemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, skin reactions, diarrhea (horses), carcinogenic
M/E: liver/kidney extralabel use is illegal |
|
|
specific sulfonamide drugs
|
sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, sulfasalazine
|
|
|
Sulfadimethoxine
|
Sulfonamide
|
|
|
sulfamethazine
|
sulfonamide
|
|
|
sulfasalazine
|
sulfonamide
|
|
|
Potentiated Sulfonamides
|
ADE: nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, dermatitis, KCS
M/E: liver, kidney |
|
|
specific potentiated sulfonamide drug
|
Ormetoprim & Sulfadimethoxine
Trimethoprim & Sulfadiazine Trimethoprim & Sulfamethoxazole |
|
|
Metronidazole
|
only effective against anerobes
ADE:CNS toxicity, hepatotoxic, Gi effects M/E: liver/kidney resistance: altered drug activation enz |
|
|
Potentiated Penicillins
|
amoxicillin-clavulanate
ampicillin-sulbactam ticarcillin- clavulanate |
