• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/55

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
DIURETICS
Most cause the blockade of sodium and chloride reabsorption; Adverse impacts on extracellular fluid whicch can cause hypovolemia, acid-base imbalance, and altered electrolyte levels; drugs classified into 5 categories, high-ceiling (loop), Thiazides, Potassium-sparing, Osmotic, and Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Classification and MOA of Furosemide
-High-ceiling (loop) diuretic; MOA: acts on ascending loop of Henle to block reabsorption
Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic uses of Furosemide (Lasix)
Rapid onset (PO 60 min, IV 5 min) used for pulmonary edema, edematous states, and hypertension
Adverse effects of Furosemide (Lasix)
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, dehydration, hypotension (due to loss of volume or relaxation of venous smooth muscle), & Hypokalemia
Classification and MOA of Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide diuretic that acts on the early segment distal convoluted tubule by increasing renal excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium and water (it also elevates levels of uric acid and glucose)
Adverse effects of Hydrochlorothiazide
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, dehydration, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, impact on lipids, calcium, and magnesium, enters breast milk
Pharmacokinetics and uses of Hydrochlorothiazide
Peak action in 4-6 hours, therapeutic uses include : essential hypertension, edema, & diabetes insipidus
Classification and MOA ofMannitol
Osmotic diuretic; promotes diuresis by creating osmotic force within lumen of the nephron
Pharmacokinetics and Uses of Mannitol
Drug MUST BE given parenterally ; Used for prophylaxis of renal failure, reduction of intracrainal pressure, and reduction of intraocular pressure
Adverse effects of Mannitol
Edema, headache, nausea, vomiting, and fluid & electrolyte imbalance
Adverse effects and drug interactions of Spironolactone
Adverse: hyperkalemia, benign and malignant tumors, & endocrine effects; Interactions: Thiazide and loop diuretics and agents that raise potassium levels
Classification and MOA of Spironolactone
Potassium-sparing diuretic (this one is specifically an aldosterone antagonist); MOA -Blocks aldosterone in the distal nephron, -retention of potassium, & -increases excreation of sodium
Pharmacokinetics and uses of Spironolactone
RARELY used alone ; Used for: hypertension, edematous states, heart failure, primary hyperaldosteronism, premenstrual syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and acne in young women
What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors
-First-dose hypotension -fetal injury -cough -angioedema -hyperkalemia -dysgeusia (distortion in sense of taste) and rash -renal failure -neutropenia
List the ACE inhibitors indicated on our sheet
Enalapril, Lisinopril
What are the therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors
hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction (MI), diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy, prevention of MI, stroke, and death in patients at high cardiovascular risk
What are the actions Angiotensin II receptor blockers
-block access of angiotensin II, cause dilation of arterioles and veins, prevent angiotension II from inducing pathologic changes in cardiac structure, reduce excretion of potassium, decrease release of aldosterone, increase renal excretion of sodium and water, do not inhibit kinase II, do not increase levels of bradykinin (opening of vessels)
What are the angiotensin II receptor blockers on our list
Ibesartan and losartan
What are the therapeutic uses of angiotensin II receptor blockers
-hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabeticnephropathy, Used if unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors, migraine headache, may prevent development of diabetic retinopathy
What are the adverse effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers
angioedema, fetal harm, renal failure, possibility of promoting cancer
What is Eplerenone and what is its MOA
It is an aldosterone antagonist that works by selective blockade of aldosterone receptors
What are the therapeutic uses of Eplerenone
It is used to treat hypertension and heart failure
What is the pharmacokinetics of Eplerenone
Absorption is not affected by food
What are the adverse effects of eplerenone (Inspra)
Hyperkalemia
Aliskiren adverse effects are ...
"Diarrhea, stomach pain, heartburn, cough, rash, dizziness, headache, back pain SERIOUS ones include lightheadedness and fainting, swelling, blisters or peeling skin, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing or breathing, seizures, slow/weak/irregular heart beat
What is Aliskiren
a direct renin inhibitor that is used in hypertensive patients
VASODILATORS
WEEK 8
What is Nitroglycerin
It is a vasodilator
How does Nitroglycerin work
It works by selective dilation of veins which has a vasodilating effect
What are the adverse effects of nitroglycerin
headache, orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia
What are the 4 factors with tolerance when taking nitroglycerin
can develop rapidly, cross-tolerance to all other nitrates, to minimize, use the lowest effective dose, long-acting formulas: 8 drug-free hours per day
what are the therapeutic uses of nitroglycerin
1. acute anginal therapy 2.sustained anginal therapy 3.iv for perioperative control of blood pressure and treatment of heart failure with MI, unstable angina, and uncontrolled exacerbations of chronic angina
What is phentolamine
it is a antihypertensive alpha-adrenergic blocker that is used to decrease blood pressure by blocking the sympathetic nervous system
What is Clonidine
It is a central-acting sympathetic nervous system inhibitor
What are the adverse effects of clonidine
-depression -drowsiness -edema -liver dysfunction -numbness, tingling -vertigo
What are the drug-drug interactions of Clonidine
W/ Tricyclin antidepressants blood pressure may increase W/CNS depressants the CNS depression may worsen
What is Hydralazine (Apresoline)
it is a vasodilator
What is the MOA of Hydralazine (Apresoline)
selective dilation of arterioles (but the specific mechanism is unknown)
What are the therapeutic uses of Hydralazine
Essential hypertension, Hypertensive crisis, heart failure
What are the adverse effects of Hydralazine
Reflex tachycardia, increased blood volume, systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, headache, dizziness, weakness, and fatigue
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Drugs that prevent calcium ions from entering cells having greatest impact on heart and blood vessels by relaxing and widening blood vessels by directly affecting the muscle of the arterial wall
What is nefedipine
it is a calcium channel blocker that increases myocardial oxygen supply by preventing the passage of calcium ions across the myocardial cell membrane and vascular smooth-muscle
What is amlodipine
it is a calcium channel blocker that increases myocardial oxygen supply by preventing the passage of calcium ions across the myocardial cell membrane and vascular smooth-muscle
What are the adverse effects of nefedipine and amlodipine
orthostatic hypotension, heart failure, hypotension
What is the use of Verapamil
It works as a calcium channel blocker by acting directly on the vascular smooth muscle and the heart
What are the 5 direct hemodymamic effects of VERAPAMIL / DILTIAZEM
1.Blockade at peripheral arterioles (reduces arterial pressure) 2.Blockade at arteries and arterioles of heart (increases coronary perfusion) 3.Blockade at SA node (reduces heart rate) 4.Blockade at AV node (most important) (does this by decreases AV nodal conduction) 5.Blockade in the myocardium (decreases force of contraction)
What are the 4 statins on our drug list
Atorvastatin, Lovastatin Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin
What are the therapeutic uses for statins
1.hypercholesterolemia 2. primary and secondary prevention of CV events 3.Post-MI therapy 4.Diabetes 5.Potential uses
What is the MOA of statins
lower lipid levels by interfering with cholesterol synthesis
What are the adverse effects of statins
Common: headache, rash, GI disturbances RARE: myopathy/rhabdomyolysis, hepatotoxicity
What are drug interactions of statins
-most other lipid-lowering drugs (except bile acid sequestrants) -Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 -USE IN PREGNANCY -GREATEST IMPACT WHEN GIVEN IN THE EVENING
What is the actions of Niacin (nicotinic acid)
1.Reduces LDL and TG levels 2. Increases HDL (more effectively than any other drug) 3.Effect on plasma lipoproteins (by lowering TG levels and raising HDL cholesterol)
What are the adverse effects of niacin
*Skin (flushing, itching) *Gastrointestinal *Hepatotoxicity *Hyperglycemia *Gouty arthritis *can raise blood levels of uric acid
What does fish oil do
It helps increase HDL and decrease inflammation
What does red yeast rice do
It works like a statin by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis