Antidiabetic And Hypoglycemic Agents

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Diabetes mellitus

Back 1

Complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism primarily resulting from the lack of insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas or from defects of the insulin receptors

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Diabetic ketoacidosis

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Diabetic coma

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Gestational diabetes

Back 3

A type of glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy

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Glucagon

Back 4

Hormone produced by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans that stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

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Glucose

Back 5

One of the simple sugars found in fruits that serve as a major source of energy.

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Glycogen

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A polysaccharide that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells.

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Glycogenolysis

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Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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Hyperglycemia

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Greater than 120mg/dl of glucose in the blood

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Hypoglycemia

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Less than 40mg/dl of glucose in the blood

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Insulin

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Naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islands of Langerhans in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood

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Ketones

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Organic chemical compound produced through the oxidation of secondary alcohols

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Nephropathy

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Disorder of the kidney that includes inflammatory, degenerative, and sclerotic conditions

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Neuropathy

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Inflammation or degeneration of the peripheral nerves

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Polydipsia

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Chronic excessive intake of water

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Polyphagia

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Excessive eating

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Polyuria

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Increased frequency of urinary output, a characteristic of diabetes

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Retinopathy

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Noninflammatory eye disorder resulting from changes in the retinal blood vessels

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Type I diabetes mellitus

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An inability to metabolize carbohydrates caused by an overt insulin deficiency that occurs in children and adults

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Type II diabetes mellitus

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Type of diabetes in which patients are not insulin dependent but they may take insulin to correct the hyperglycemia

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Common Adverse Effects of Insulin

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CV - Tachycardia, palpitations
CNS - h/a, lethargy, tremors, weakness, fatigue, delirium, sweating
Metabolic - Hypoglycemia
Other - Blurred vision, dry mouth, hunger, nausea, flushing, rash, urticaria, anaphylaxis

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Side effects to monitor for with Metformin

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metallic taste, epigastric discomfort, weight loss, n/v/d

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Which drugs affect the pancreas?

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Insulin and oral hypoglycemics

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What does insulin do with glucose?

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It takes it from the blood and puts it in the liver to be stored.

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What do oral hypoglycemics stimulate?

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Insulin secretion from the beta cells of the pancreas as well as enhance insulin's effectiveness.

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Second hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas

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Glucagon

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What does glucagon initiate?

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Glycogenolysis

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Action of glycogenolysis?

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Opposes the action of insulin (increasing the blood glucose level)

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Storage form of glucose?

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Glycogen

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Where is glycogen stored?

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In the liver

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How is glycogen broken down?

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By the synergistic actions of glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine

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IDDM

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Insulin-dependent diabetes, Type I diabetes mellitus, also known as juvenile-onset diabetes.

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Complications associated with Diabetes

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Retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

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Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?

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Increased pulse rate, abnormal breathing, and a fruity, acetone odor to their breath.

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Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

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Weakness, nervousness, cold and clammy skin, sweating, paleness of the skin, and shallow, rapid breathing. Notify physician if any of these symptoms occur.

Front 35

Which insulin has the longest duration?
a. Regular
b. Lente
c. NPH
d. Ultra Lente

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d. Ultra Lente

Front 36

Which type of insulin can be given intravenously?
a. Regular
b. Lente
c. NPH
d. Ultra Lente

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a. Regular

Front 37

Which of the following indicates hypoglycemia?
a. Decreased pulse and respirations and flushed skin
b. Increased pulse rate and a fruity, acetone breath odor
c. Weakness, cold clammy skin, and shallow, rapid breathing
d. Increased urine output and edema

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c. Weakness, cold clammy skin, and shallow, rapid breathing

Front 38

When administering oral antidiabetic agents, which of the following is true?
a. Administer them 30 minutes before meals.
b. Administer them with meals.
c. Administer them on an empty stomach.
d. Administer them 1 hour after eating.

Back 38

c. Administer them on an empty stomach.

Front 39

Which statement describes the mechanism of action of rosiglitazone (Avandia)?
a. It stimulates beta cells to produce insulin.
b. It decreases insulin resistance.
c. It inhibits hepatic glucose production.
d. It increases the sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin

Back 39

b. It decreases insulin resistance.