Anthropology Test 1 (Cell Biology)

Front 1

Prokaryotes

Back 1

single celled (bacteria)-no nucleus

Front 2

Eukaryotes

Back 2

multicelled-nucleus

Front 3

Somatic Cells

Back 3

any cells not sex cells

Front 4

gametes

Back 4

sex cells-sperm in males; ova (eggs) in females

Front 5

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Back 5

double helix with rails (sugars and phosphates) and rungs(nucleotide bases)

Front 6

golgi body

Back 6

-collects and dispatches proteins

Front 7

Allele

Back 7

alternate form of a gene

Front 8

What does DNA do?

Back 8

directs production of proteins

Front 9

Protein Synthesis

Back 9

The second of the two primary functions of DNA is

Front 10

Transcription

Back 10

formation of messenger RNA

Front 11

Translation

Back 11

the reading of a segment of mRNA to assemble a protien

Front 12

Adenine

Back 12

Thymine

(Purines)

Front 13

Cytosine

Back 13

Guanine

(pyrimidines)

Front 14

Mitosis

Back 14

Process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells

Front 15

Meiosis

Back 15

Produces gametes along with four unique daughter cells in which two are haploid and two are diploid

Front 16

Crossing Over

Back 16

first phase in meiosis in which the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes occurs

Front 17

Recombination

Back 17

rearrangement of genes that occurs during crossover

Front 18

Chromosomes

Back 18

contain 22 pair of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes, and homologous pairs

Front 19

Haploid

Back 19

Cell has half the usual number of chromosomes

Front 20

Diploid

Back 20

Contains full set of chromosome pairs

Front 21

Uricil in RNA

Back 21

replaces thymine during transcription

Front 22

mRNA

Back 22

similar to DNA but single-stranded with a different type of sugar

Front 23

Ribosome

Back 23

composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that serves as the site of protein synthesis

Front 24

Zygote

Back 24

fertilized egg cell

Front 25

Organelles

Back 25

specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is surrounded by a membrane

Front 26

nucleus

Back 26

houses chromosomes

Front 27

mitochondria

Back 27

responsible for energy production

Front 28

Ribosomes

Back 28

essential in protien manufacturing

Front 29

Nucleotides

Back 29

includes a phosphate unit, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous DNA base

Front 30

deoxyribose

Back 30

sugar molecule

Front 31

histones

Back 31

specialized protiens that the DNA is wrapped around

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sister chromatids

Back 32

two sides of chromosome are identical

Front 33

centromere

Back 33

where two sister chromatids connect

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q arm

Back 34

long arm of a chromosome

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p arm

Back 35

short arm of a chromosome

Front 36

autosomes

Back 36

first 22 pairs of chromosomes

Front 37

sex chromosomes

Back 37

23rd pair of chromosomes

-females have 2 X chromosomes

-males have an X and a Y chromosome

Front 38

DNA Replication

Back 38

Enzymes break bonds and separate, each unattached base attracts its complimentary base, and 2 identical DNA molecules are born.

Front 39

Protein

Back 39

complex molecules formed from chains of amino acids

Front 40

Insulin

Back 40

causes cells in liver and muscle tissue to absorb glucose

Front 41

Hemoglobin

Back 41

occurs in red blood cells; binds to oxygen

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collagen

Back 42

most common protein in human body; major component in connective tissues

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Amino acids

Back 43

chains of small molecules that make up protein

Front 44

RNA

Back 44

Single stranded with a different type of sugar than DNA (ribose)

Front 45

Codon

Back 45

a triplet of mRNA bases that codes for an amino acid or the initiation or termination of the translation process

Front 46

Tranfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 46

Each amino acid is attached to a segment of this that pairs up with appropriate codon on mRNA.

Front 47

Polypeptide Chain

Back 47

Amino acids are joined together in this to form a protein.