Anthropology Terms For Final

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phoneme

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the minimal sound units that make up a language

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allophone

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a variant form of a phoneme

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morpheme

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the smallest unit of a language conveying meaning

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allomorphs

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a variant form of a morpheme

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syntax

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that part of grammar that deals with the rules of combination of morphemes

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grammar

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the complete description of a language, including phonology, morphology, and syntzx

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ethnosematics

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the anthropological investigation of native systems of classifications

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sociolinguistics

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the study of that aspect of language that deals with status and class differences

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AAVE (African-American Vernacular)

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speech patterns and norms adopted in some settings to demonstrate community affiliation

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dialect

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variations within a single language between one speech community and another

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speech community

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a group of people that interacts and speaks frequently with one another

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pidgin

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a lingua franca that developed when people speaking different languages but no common language needed to communicate with one another.

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creole

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a pidgin language acquired by children as their native language

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world english

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many forms of english, and not a single correct one with incorrect subservient variants

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motherese

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a special language in our society that mothers use in their interactions with their infants

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myth

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stories set in the remote past that explain the origin of natural things and cutlure

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folktales

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stories about fanciful creatures set in indeterminate times that impart morals or lessons

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legends

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stories about heroes who overcome obstacles set in familiar historical contexts

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metaphor

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an analytical concept in which one idea stands for another because of some similarity they seem to share

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metonym

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the symbolic substitution of one of the constiuent parts for the whole

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universal symbol

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certain symbols found in all cultures that convey meaning such as color associations with emotions and hair length as an indication of conformity and resistance

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political economy

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the interpenetration of politics and economy

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production

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the process whereby a society uses the tools and energy sourcrs at its disposal and its own people's labor to create the goods necessary for supplying itself

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technology

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that part of culture by means of which people directly exploit their environment

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horticulture

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a form of cultivation in which crops are grown in gardens without the use of a plow

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Swidden/shifting cultivation

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a type of horticulture in which new gardens are made every few years, when the soil is exhausted

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Nomadic pastoral societies

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societies completely or almost dependent upon herds of domesticated animals

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Swidden/shifting cultivation

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a type of horticulture in which new gardens are made every few years, when the soil is exhausted

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Nomadic pastoral societies

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societies completely, or almost completely, dependent upon herds of domesticated animals

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Barter

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an immediate exchange of unlike objects, which may involve bargaining

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consumption

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the processes by which products are used by humans

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endogamy

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a rule requiring group members to marry within their own group

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Exogamy

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a rule requiring group members to marry outside their own social group

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Sister exchange

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a marriage pattern in which two men marry each other's sisters

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Monogamy

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marriage with only one spouse at a time

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Serial monogamy

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the practice of marrying a series of spouses, one after the other

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Polygyny

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marriage in which one man has several wives at one time

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Polygyny

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marriage in which one man has several wives at one time

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Polygamy

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marriage with plural spouses, either husbands or wives.

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Polyandry

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marriage in which one woman has several husbands at one time

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Levirate

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a rule whereby the widow of a deceased man must marry his brother

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Sororate

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the custom whereby a widwer marries his deceased wife's sister

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Neolocal residence

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a rule of postmarital residence in which the newly married couple forms an independent household

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Virilocal residence

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a rule of postmarital residence whereby the newly married couple resides with the relatives of the groom

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Uxorilocal residence

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a rule of postmarital residence whereby the newly married couple resides with the relatives of the bride

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Bilocal residence

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a form of postmarital residence in which husband and wife alternate between living with the husband's relatives for a period of time and then with the wife's relatives

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Duolocal residence

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a postmarital rule of residence in which husband and wife live with their respective kinsmen, apart from one another

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Nuclear family

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a family consisting of husband,wife,and their unmarried children

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Extended family

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several related nuclear families living together in a single household

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Patrilineal descent

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a rule stating that a child belongs to his or her father's group

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Matrilineal descent

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a rule stating that child belongs to his or her mother's group

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Clan

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a social group based on common descent but not necessarily common residence

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lineage

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unilineal descent groups in which descent is demonstrated

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moeitie

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a grouping based upon descent in which the entire society is divided into halves

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parallel cousins

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the children of two brothers or of two sisters

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cross cousins

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children of one's mother's brother or one's father's sister

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fictive kinship

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social relationships in which unrelated individuals use kin terms to establish and recognize their relationships (often established by ritual observances)

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sex

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the physical differentiation between male and female through biologiccal and anatomical composition of gennitals and related secondary sexual characteristics

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gender

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the culture-specific set of behavioral, ideological, and social meanings of constructed biological and anatomical differences

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heteronormative values

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cultural perspective that privileges male and female heterosexual identity in conceptualizing social and family norms

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gender stratification

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the comparative ranking of economic and political activities associated with men and women in any society

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queer studies

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theorizes and explores the construction of sexual identities in their cultural contexts

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age grade

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categories of individuals of the same age that are recognized by being given a name and that crosscut an entire society

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age set

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a group of individuals of the same age that moves as a unit through successive age grades

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masculinity

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exploration of the variation in what constitutes masculinity within as well as between socieities

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feminist anthropology

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explores cultural practices and inequities based on gender

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Rite of passage

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communal rituals held to mark changes in status as individuals progress through the life cycle

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Liminaity

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the in-between stage in a rite-of-passage ceremony when the individual has not yet been reincorporated into society

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Communitas

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allows the whole of the community to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage

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Rite of separation

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it's part of the rite of passage
In the first phase, people withdraw from their current status and prepare to move from one place or status to another. "The first phase (of separation) comprises symbolic behaviour signifying the detachment of the individual or group ... from an earlier fixed point in the social structure."[3] There is often a detachment or "cutting away" from the former self in this phase, which is signified in symbolic actions and rituals. For example, the cutting of the hair for a person who has just joined the army. He or she is "cutting away" the former self—the civilian.

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Marginal rite

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arking the period in which an individual is detached from one status but not yet admitted into the next, are most conspicuous in those initiation ceremonies that involve the participants in a long period of isolation, cut off from their normal social contacts.

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Rite of aggregation

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rites of entry into, waiting in, and leaving the intermediate no-man's land.

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Globalization

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the worldwide connection between societies based upon the existence of global market connections and the spread of cultural items everywhere.

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NGOs

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development organizations that are structurally independent of state institutions

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Colonialism

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forced change in which one culture, society, or nation dominates another; a set of unequal relationships: between the metropole and the colony, and between the colonists and the indigenous population.; take control over government and social structure

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Post colonial studies

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interdisciplinary focus on the effects of colonialism on former European colonies

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neocolonialism

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economic interdependency of one-time coloonies on former colonial powers despite political independence

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World system theory

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the historic emergence of the economic interrelationship of most of the world in a single economic system

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Dependency theory

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views underdevelopment as the consequence in former colonies of their economic supression, coupled with continued economic dependence on colonial-based networks of trade and political alliances

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Neoliberalism

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the contemporary revival of classic economic liberalism that stresses the role of private enterprise in all institutions of the state and deregulation of markets and trade

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Applied anthropology

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the application of anthropological knowledge and methodologies to the solution of practical problems, direct action and/or development policy

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Internal migration

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population movement within a nation-state

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Transmigration

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populations who migrate from their homelands to other parts of the world

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Diaspora (populations)

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a population spread from its original homeland to other countries, which continues to maintain affiliation with its homeland

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Assimilation

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adoption of the language and norms of a new culture