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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
arboreal adaptation |
a suite of physical traits that enable an organism to live in trees. |
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bilophodont |
refers to the lower molars, in catarrhines, that have two ridges. |
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brachiators |
organism that moves by arm-swinging. |
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canine-premolar honing complex |
the dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed. |
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dental formula |
the numerical description of a species teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. |
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derived characteristics |
characteristics present in only one or a few species of a group. |
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diastema |
a space between two teeth. |
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dietary plasticity |
a diet's flexibility in adapting to a given environment. |
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diurnal |
refers to organisms that are active and awake during daylight ours. |
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haplorhines |
tarsiers, ceboids, cercopithecoids, hominoids. |
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hominin |
great apes, lesser apes, humans. |
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loph |
an enamel ridge connecting cusps on a tooth's surface. |
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nocturnal |
refers to organisms that are awake and active during the night. |
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olfactory bullb |
the portion of the anterior brain that detects odors. |
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opposable thumb |
refers to primates 'thumb', in that it can touch each of the four fingertips, enabling a grasping ability. |
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parental investment |
the time and energy parents expend for their offspring's benefit. |
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phylogeny |
the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms. |
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power grip |
a fist-like grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposite directions. |
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preadaptation |
an organisms use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function. |
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precision grip |
a precise grip in which the tips of the fingers and thumbs come together, enabling fine manipulation. |
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prehensile tail |
a tail that acts as a kind of a hand support in trees, common in platyrrhines. |
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primitive characteristics |
characteristics present in multiple species of a group. |
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rhinarium |
the naked surface around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals. |
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sectorial premolar |
lower third premolar has a single dominant cusp and a sharp cutting edge. |
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strepsirhines |
lemurs and lorises |
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tooth comb |
anterior teeth (incisors and canines) that have been tilted forward, creating a scraper. |
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Y-5 |
hominids pattern of lower molar cusps. |
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When did the split from orangutans occur? |
16mya |
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When did the split from gorillas occur? |
8mya |
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When did the split with chimps occur? |
6mya |
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Features of primates |
Big brains, hands, quadruped, no agriculture |
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Ecological niche |
the role and position a species has in its environment - how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces. |
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Arboreal |
Lives in the trees |
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Terrestrial |
lives on the ground |
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Crepuscular |
active at dusk |
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cathemeral |
active at any time of the day |
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frugivores |
eat fruits and flowers; high quality food resources; not available year round and are seasonal; primates will fallback to lower quality foods in-between seasons; energy maximizers; low cusps. |
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folivores |
eat leaves, stems and bark; low quality food resources eaten in great amounts; energy minimizers (don't need to travel far); high cusps |
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insectivore |
high, sharp cusps, high quality food resource (small bodied). |
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gummivores |
prosimians have a tooth comb to scrape off tree gum to eat. |
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omnivores |
eats both animal based foods and plant based foods. |
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evolution and natural selection |
the process by which different kinds of living organisms have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth |
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Clingers and Leapers |
longer legs than arms |
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suspensory/brachiation |
swinging through trees, arms longer than legs |
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terrestrial limb ratio |
equal |
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What do primates have in common? |
Grasping hands and feet, nails instead of claws, enhanced vision, reduced olfaction. |
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What characteristics do primates hands have? |
mobile joints, precise and powerful grip, opposable thumbs |
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quadrumanous |
4 handed |
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How is touch enhanced? |
dermal ridges that allow us to feel texture, and nails for precision. |
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Enhanced vision is from.... |
forward-facing eyes that create stereoscopic vision, depth perception, color vision |
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facultative bipedalism |
can walk on hind limbs but doesn't need to. |
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How do you write out a species name? |
Genus species (underline separately) |
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Linnean taxonomy |
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species |
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hominid |
group consisting of all the great apes and their immediate ancestors. |
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hominin |
within hominids, group of hominids more closely related to humans than to other great apes. |
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phylogeny |
describing the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, an account of the relatedness of different groups of species. |
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List the family names from left to right on the tree. |
Lemurs, Lorises, tarsiers, ceboids, cercopithecoids, hominoids. |
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Where are lemurs found? |
Madagascar |
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Where are lorises found? |
India, Sri lanka, south asia |
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What's a lorises? |
arboreal, slow quadruped, nocturnal, varied diets (examples; slender loris and slow loris) |
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What's a tarsiers? |
found in south east asia, arboreal, clinger and leaper, nocturnal, insectivorous. |
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What's a ceboid? |
New world monkeys, found south and central america, varied diets and locomotions (examples, tamarins, capuchins) |
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Cercopithecoids |
Old world monkeys, found in africa, asia, and indonesia, varied diets and locomotions, complex social systems. (examples; macaques, baboons) |
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Hominoids |
gorillas, gibbons (lesser apes), chimps, orangutans |
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Strepsirhines (families included) |
Lemurs and lorises |
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Haplorhines (families included) |
tarsiers, ceboids, cercopithecoids, hominoids |
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What do strepsirhines have that haplorhines don't? |
lemurs and lorises have a rhinarium, longer snouts, and rely on olfaction more than vision. |
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Which families are included in prosimians? |
Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers (post orbital bar) |
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which families are included in anthropoids? |
ceboids, cercopithecoids, hominoids. |
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What separates prosimians from anthropoids? |
prosimians are small-bodied with small relative brain sizes. |
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What were the split offs for hominoids and cercopithecoids and ceboids? |
Hominoids and cercopithecoids had a common ancestor at about 25mya and seabirds split off at 35mya. |
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How are anthropoids split? |
Platyrrhines and catrrhines |
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Summarize the characteristics of platyrrhines (new world monkeys) |
found in central and south america, broad or flat nose, wide septum, dental formula of 2-1-3-2 or 2-1-3-3, prehensile tails. |
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Summarize the characteristics of catarrhines (old world monkeys) |
found in africa and asia, hooked or flared nose, narrow septum, dental formula of 2-1-2-3, sexual dimorphism, bilophodont molars, large brains |
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What's different for apes from catarrhines? |
y-5 molar pattern, no tails, huge brains. |
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saggital crest and nuchal crest |
ridge of bone located on the top of the skull (mid-line). The terminal attachment for the temporalis muscle. |
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foramen magnum |
the large opening for the passage of the spinal cord to the brain. |
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septum |
the area of soft tissue that separates the nostrils. |
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dermal ridges |
enhance tactile sense, increases amount of friction; located on palms, fingers, and toes. |