Anthropology Quiz 2

Front 1

Hunting and Gathering

Back 1

adaptation based on harvesting only wild (undomesticated) plants and animals

Front 2

Agriculture

Back 2

adaptation based primarily on the planting, tending and harvesting of domesticated plants

Front 3

herding

Back 3

adaptation based on the control and breeding of domesticated livestock which are taken to naturally occurring pasteurized land

Front 4

industrialism

Back 4

the productive technology that harnesses the energy of fossil fuels to satisfy human material needs and wants

Front 5

band

Back 5

a small foraging group with flexible compositions that migrate seasonally

Front 6

domestication

Back 6

the process by which the people control the distribution, abundance, and biological features of certain plants and animals in order to increase the usefullness to humans

Front 7

horticulture

Back 7

a method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used

Front 8

intensive agriculture

Back 8

a system of cultivation in which plots are planted annually or semiannually, usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers and plows powered by animals

Front 9

surplus

Back 9

food or other goods produced by worker in excess of the amount needed for his or her own consumption as well as the needs of his or her dependents

Front 10

civilization

Back 10

(1) a form of complex societies usually characterized by cities metallurgy, and writing systems (2) the highest level of ethnic identity incorporating numerous ethnic nationalities, usually based on a shared religious tradition such as christianity islam or hindu

Front 11

peasants

Back 11

rural people who are integrated into a larger society politically and economically

Front 12

nomadism

Back 12

a form of seasonal mobility, usually refereeing to pastoral peoples who move there livestock heard to locations with lush pasteurized land

Front 13

transhumance

Back 13

the pastoral pattern of migrating to different elevations in responce to seasonal differences in temperature and pasteurized land

Front 14

globalization of production

Back 14

the process in which companies located in one country relocate there production facilities to other countries to reduce cost and be more competitive

Front 15

Reciprocity

Back 15

the transfer of goods for other goods between two or more individuals in a group

Front 16

Generalized Reciprocity

Back 16

the giving of goods without expectation of return of a gift of equal value at any definite future time

Front 17

Balanced Reciprocity

Back 17

the exchange of goods that have roughly equal value social purposes usually motivate the exchange

Front 18

Negative Reciprocity

Back 18

exchange motivated by the desire to exchange products in which the parties try to gain all the material goods if they can

Front 19

Social Distance

Back 19

the degree in which cultural norms specify that two individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to each other

Front 20

Redistribution

Back 20

the collection of products or money by a central authority followeed by distribution to the groups members

Front 21

Tribute

Back 21

goods rendered to an authority such as a cheif

Front 22

Market

Back 22

exhange in means of buying, selling, using money, at prices determined at the force of supple and demand

Front 23

Capitalism

Back 23

economies organized using market principles including both national economies and global economies

Front 24

Market Globalization

Back 24

the process by which capital, technology, products, and services cross national boundaries at prices largely determined by global supply and demand

Front 25

Kin Group

Back 25

a group of people who culturally consider themselves relatives, coorperate in certain activities and share a sence of identity as kinfolk

Front 26

Nuclear Family

Back 26

a family unit consisting of one parernt and child

Front 27

Extended Household

Back 27

a group of related nuclear families that live in a single household

Front 28

Incest Taboo

Back 28

prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives

Front 29

exogamous rules

Back 29

marriage rules that prohibit from marrying in the same social group or category

Front 30

endogamous rules

Back 30

marriage rules that require to marry within the social group or category

Front 31

Monogamy

Back 31

the practice where each induvidual is allowed to have one spouse

Front 32

polygyny

Back 32

the practice in which one man is allowed to have multiple wives

Front 33

polyandry

Back 33

the practice in which one women is allowed to have multiple husbands

Front 34

group marriage

Back 34

several women and several man married to one another simultaneously

Front 35

bride wealth

Back 35

the custom of a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to validate the marriage

Front 36

brideservice

Back 36

the costum which a man spends a period of time working for his brides family

Front 37

dowry

Back 37

the transfer of a womens family of property or wealth to her husbands family

Front 38

postmarital

Back 38

where a newly wed couple go to live after there marriage

Front 39

patrilocal residence

Back 39

a resident form in which the couple lives with or near by the husbands famiily

Front 40

matrilocal residence

Back 40

a residence form in which the couple lives near or close the wifes family

Front 41

neolocal residence

Back 41

a residence form in which the couple sets up a household away from the parents of either family

Front 42

ambilocal residence

Back 42

a residence form in which the couple chooses weather to live with the wife or husbands family

Front 43

unilineal descent

Back 43

descent through one "line" involves both patrilineal and matrilineal descent

Front 44

patrilineal descent

Back 44

a kinship system in which induviduals trace there primary kinship relations through there father

Front 45

matrilineal descent

Back 45

a kinship system in which induviduals trace there primary kinship relations through there mothers

Front 46

lineage

Back 46

a unilenal decent group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related

Front 47

clan

Back 47

a unilineal decent group some member dont know there origins but still consider themselves apart of the group

Front 48

bilateral descent

Back 48

a kinship realtionship in which each induvidual traces there kinship to both parents

Front 49

kindred

Back 49

all the bilateral relatives of an induvidual

Front 50

cognatic decent

Back 50

a kinship system in which an induvidual traces there kinship through both females and males

Front 51

global economy

Back 51

a worldwide integrated system of buying and selling goods, material, labor, and services to a global market

Front 52

indigenous minorities

Back 52

ethically distinct groups of foragers, horticulturalist and pastoralist, who occupy there historical homelands who are politically subordinate to larger national goverments and who are frequently referred to as "tribal" or "fourth worlds" people

Front 53

global knowledge

Back 53

cultural knowledge that is widely disseminated by means of written language

Front 54

local knowledge

Back 54

cultural knowledge that is disseminated orally and is thus known only by members of the group