• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/87

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

87 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Holism

the assumption that any given aspect of human life is to be studied with an eye to its relation to other aspects of human life.

Gender Roles in Culture

All societies have sex appropriate roles



Culture creates the idea of gender and our perception of what a man or woman is in society

Empiricism

Reliance on observable and quantifiable data

Low-energy Budget

An adaptive strategy by which a minimum of energy s used to extract sufficient resources from the environment for survival


Europeans are accustomed to seeing the world and people as...

fixed and unchanging

Five major patterns of food procurement

Foraging, Horticulture/Subsistence, Pastoralism, Intensive, Industrial

Example of subsistence agriculture

Yanomamo

Political Ecology

Focuses on the ecological consequences of the distribution of power

Stephen Jay Gould, three principles of evolution

1. Quirky shifts, latent potential


2. Redundancy


3. Flexibility

Ethnocentrism

the tendency to judge the customs of other societies by your own standards

Limits in our culture

Everyone has their own boundaries and customs that are different from others

Environment

Every factor that impinges on the life chances of the individual

ex. predators, food, shelter

Call systems

A repetoire of sounds, each of which is produced in response to a particular situation


Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that a researcher plans to account

Using language

Involves structures in the brain that other animals lack

Exposes how we are able to learn quickly and how we ommunicate learning

What did Lawrence B. Slobodkin argue?

4 Patterns of change of all environments

1. Degree of novelty (how new)


2. Frequency (how often)


3. Magnitude (how much)


4. Duration (how long)

When was the cerebral cortex and all of its functions fully developed?

100,000 years

Who controls the land in nonindustrial societies?

Groups of people rather than individuals

Industrial Agriculture

Farming using large inputs of fossil fuel and industrial technology


Perception of ideas

Always selective and varies from person to person

Ethnographic Present

The information gathered now applies to when it was actually collected

How is a behavior trait or propensity shaped?

Its shaped by interactions of genes and influences from the environment

Niche

What it does to survive



The environmental requirements and tolerances of a species

Testing hypothesis

How you test theoretical expectation

Scientific holism

All organic and inorganic matter can be described, measured, and related to the larger whole

How are ecology and evolution closely related?

Evolution involves traits that best suit an organism for its environment being passed on

Species change over time as organisms...

adapt to their environment

Where did modern humans initially evolve in?

Africa

Generalize Reprocity

Informal gift giving for which no accounts are kept and no immediate or specific return is expected

Three types of reciprocity

1.Generalized


2.Balanced


3. Negative

Potlatch

Reciprocal feasting and gift giving that can involve the conspicuous display and even the destruction of wealth

Genes

Individual units of hereditary info passed from parent to offspring

What is a significant percentage of social behavior made up of?


How are they chosen?

Influenced by genes through natural selection

What is the most complex trait humans have?

Culture

Theories

Backbone for scientific research



Products of diligent research and decades of it

Stability

The ability of an ecosystem to return to equilibrium after disturbance

Cultural Adaptation

All the learned or socially acquired responses and behaviors that affect reproduction, provisionary, shelter (AKA survival)


Cultural relativism

The ability to view the beliefs and customs of other people within the context of their cultural background

Adopting Cultural Relativism

Aids understanding



See things the way they are

Intensive Agriculture

Involves the use of draft animals or tractors, plows, and some other form of irrigation

Hunters and Gatherers

1. Quick to incorporate new technologies in systems


2. Lived in more hospitable areas



ex. Batak group

Resilience

The ability of an ecosystem to undergo change while still maintaining its basic elements or relationship

Philisophical holism

The view that no complex entity is simply the sum of its parts

Example of Industrial Agriculture

Hutterites

Example of intensive agriculture

Khalapur

By the mid- ninetieth century what became respectable?

Evolutionary changes

What is the evidence that societies are products of evolution

Darwins theories of natural selection and evolution



Along with differences in fossils and living life

Pastoralism

An economy largely or wholely based on the use of domesticated animals, even though actual consumption may reply on food through trade

How should you approach other cultures

With open minds and to have an appreciation for diversity

Social control

A framework of rewards and sanctions that channel behavior



Set of rules for people to obey

Horticulture/Subsistence agriculture

Form of agriculture based on the working of small plots of land without draft animals or plows, etc

Reciprocity

Mutual giving and taking between people who often bound by social ties and obligations

Balanced reciprocity

Gift giving that clearly carries the obligation of an eventual and roughly equal return

What did Gregor Mendel find?

Individual units of hereditary info were passed from parent to offspring as discrete particles

Adaption

Organisms/populations make biological or behavioral changes that help their survival and reproduction success in their environment

Ecosystem

The cycle of matter and energy that includes all living things and links them to the non-living

What did Milford Wilpoff argue?

Homosapiens replaced homo erectus gradually over a 100,000-500,000 year period



Called Multiregional origins

Foraging Groups

Relatively small because of the lack of resources

Examples of foraging Cultures

San


Hadza


Netsilik


Batak

How is behavior mediated?

Biological processes and limitations

Biological processes are responsible for what?

Shaping social behavior

Gender

A cultural construct consisting of the set of distinguishable characteristics associated with each sex

Carry capacity

The point at or below which a population tends to stabalize

Natural Selection

Members of a species who have more surviving offspring than others pass their traits on to the next generation

Culture

A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behavior, and artifacts, that the members of a society use to cope with their world and one another

Bands

A loosely integrated population sharing a sense of common identity but few specialized institutions

Survival depends on the ability to...

to solve problems in the immediate environment and adapt

Humans are...

Extremely successful and survive under a variety of changes

Scientific Theory

A statement that postulates ordered relationships among natural phenomena

Ecological Research

Synchronic and concerned with the present

Socialization

Person acquires:


1. Technical skills of their society


2. Knowledge of the acceptable behaviors to the society


3. Attitudes and values that make conformity with social rules

Evolution


Small but comulative changes in a species can, over time, lead to its transformation



Physical and cultural evolution

Bride Service

Service rendered by a man as payment to a family from whom he takes a daughter in marriage

Foraging

Naturally obtaining food from wild plants, fishing, hunting

How can gathering be a source of income?

By trade

What is carrying capacity affected by?

1. Food availability


2. The distribution of essential items in order to survive


3. Human ability to recognize resources

Enculturation

Becoming proficient in the cultural codes of one's society

Negative Reciprocity

An exchange between enemies or strangers in which each side tries to get the better end of the bargain

Habitat

The specific area where a species lives

Human ecology

The study of humans in their environment, and how they affect the environment and how the environment affects them

What do symbols do?

Guides the ways that we interact with organic and inorganic elements of our environments by making them intelligible in ways specific to our culture

Evolutionary Ecological Research

Studying organisms within the context of their own environment, showing how evolution and characteristics succeed in an environment

Environments are...

Complex and always fluctuating

Homo Sapiens

The human species

Participant Observation

Actual participation in a culture by an investigator who seeks to gain social acceptable in the society as a means to acquire understanding of their observation

Example of Pastoralism

Nuer

Done Area

Inhospitable environment for humans



1. few places for water


2. Hot to freezing temps


3. 6 months no rain, then 6 months heavy rain