Anthropology Midterm

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Anthropology

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Study of:
Modern Humans
Ancestors
Nearest non-human Relatives

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Holism

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Holistic Analysis:
Past/Present/Future
Biology/Society/Language/Culture

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Applied Anthropology

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Application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, asses, and solve social problems

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Manifest Function

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Function in itself:
i.e. Cultural Anthropology class is to fulfill requirements or to learn a bunch of facts.

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Latent Function

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Usefulness of a function/ Importance:
i.e. Cultural Anthropology introduces you to the diversity of the world, teaching independent and critical thought.

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Functionalism

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Human adaptation analyzed to find a function related to the survival of the individual or society.

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Chicha Music of Peru
(Linda Munequita by Los Hijos del Sol)

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The name of a fusion of local versions of a Colombian dance. The music is a result of migration from the highlands to Peruvian cities. Despite their sound, they describe struggles, hardship, loneliness, and exploitation.

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Four types of Human adaptation

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1. Cultural adaptation (technological)
2. Genetic adaptation (generations)
3. Long-term physiological or developmental adaptation.
4. Short-term or immediate physiological adaptation.

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Biological race

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A geographically isolated subdivision of a species (not existent in human beings). Humans have biological variation.

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Phenotypes and their problems

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"Manifest biology".
Phenotypical Traits (e.g. skin color).

Problems:
1. Impossible to determine which trait should be considered primary.
2. Racial classifications are not accurate
3. Particular traits do not necessarily co-occur

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Light Skin vs. Dark Skin Adaptation Explanation

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Melanin is determinant

Light Skin: helps ensure adequate production of Vitamin D in cloudy cold environments (prevents rickets)

Dark Skin: Prevent overproduction of Vitamin D in sunny tropics (hypervitaminosis D)

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Society

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Organized life in groups. (Exists in animals).

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Culture

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Traditions and customs transmitted through learning. (Exclusively human).

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Cultural Adaptation

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Exclusively Human where technologies and ideas are infused into societies.

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The Biocultural approach

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Combination of cultural and biological perspectives to address a particular problem.

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"The Nacirema" Main Points

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Humans engaging in strange rituals involving the body. These humans being North Americans. Exaggerated description of modern North American society.

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The Anthropological Method

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Ethics and Methods:
1. Safety,dignity,privacy
2. Informed consent
3. Make results availible

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Ethnography

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A detailed first-hand and holistic study of a community or group.

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Participant Observation

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Ethnographers take part in the activities they observe.

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The Genealogical Method (3 parts)

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1. kinship
2. ancestry
3. marriage

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Life Histories

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Native intimate and personal recollections.

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Emic

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"Native viewpoint"

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Etic

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Interpretations, features that the anthropologist considers important.

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Bronislaw Malinowski

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Father of modern ethnography.

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Salvage Ethnography

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Recorded ways of life threatened by westernization.

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Interpretive Anthropology

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Ethnographers should describe and interpret that which is important to the natives.

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Experimental Anthropology

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Both Art and Science. Question Ethnographic realism (the possibility of a scientific account).

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Reflexive Ethnography

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Ethnographers incorporating their point of view. Bias account.

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The Ethnographic Present

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A romanticized "timelessness" before westernization, when the true culture flourished.

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!Kung Bushmen
(Lee, "Eating Christmas")

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Main Points:
1. They called the ethnographer "whitey"
2. The !Kung learned about Christmas through European Missionaries.
3. They insulted Lee about the size of his Ox because insults keep someone humble.
4. Modesty keeps people equal and encourages sharing.

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Study of Prostitutes
(Sterk, "Tricking and Tripping")

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Main Points:
1. Sterk avoids value judgments because it is not her role.
2. "Whitie" was her nickname.
3. Conducted interviews in private settings of the woman's choice, and obtained consent.

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Anthropology and Counterinsurgency

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Main Points
1. Promotes Anthropological cooperation with the military.
2. US became uninterested in being involved in "unconventional" wars.

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Sherlock Holmes Method

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Judge people based on clothing or appearance.

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Rashomon Problem

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Differences in perspectives and their conflicting nature.

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Barthes' Book "Mythologies"

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Deep levels of significance in which the users are not aware.

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Marxism - Jeans

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Economic issues around the jeans.
1. How much did they cost?
2. Under what conditions were they produced?

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Feminism - Jeans

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Gender issues around the jeans.
1. Sign of male/female equality.
2. Tight jeans emphasize female body

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Freudian Theory

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Id - Instinctual, Animalistic tendencies.
Superego - Pure, Polite, Polished tendencies. Euphemistic interpretation of your Id
Ego - the balance between the above two.

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Mirrors

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Narcissism

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Culture (Tylor's Definition)

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Complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, capabilities, and habits acquired as a member of society.
(Exclusively Human).
Sexual Drives Least Determined by Culture

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Enculturation

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Process through which a child born into his/her culture, is educated in it.

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Psychic Unity

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All humans/populations have the same capacity for culture.

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Symbols

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Signs that stand for something else.
Basis of culture.

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Culture as a system

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Change in one respect marks change in other respects.

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Core Values

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Ideas/Beliefs so basic, they provide an organizational logic for the rest of the culture.

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Ideal Culture

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Idealized descriptions of a culture by natives

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Real Culture

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Actual behavior. Evidence of hypocrisy.

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Why is Cultural Behavior Maladaptive?

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Because it is motivated by both Cultural and Environmental factors.

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Ethnocentrism

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Judging another culture based on your own culture's standards.

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Cultural Universals

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Features found in every culture

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Cultural Generalities

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Common to several, but not all human groups. (i.e. nuclear family)

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Diffusion

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Coca-Cola and the Hamburger diffusing into different societies all over the world.

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Independent Invention

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The invention of pottery all over the world. Invention of a particular thing necessary for all human beings at a particular point in their development.

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Cultural Particularities

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Unique to certain cultural traditions.

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Cultural Rights

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A groups ability to preserve it's cultural tradition.

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Acculturation

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Exchange of features that results when groups come into continuous first-hand contact.

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Pidgin

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Hybrid languages. A combination of 2 different languages.

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Inuit Science

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1.. Inuits have hunting habits with elaborate rules in ceremonial treatment of animals.
2. Traditional knowledge of the Inuit is science.
3. Exquisitely adapted

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Fighting for our lives
(by Tannen)

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1.People are all about winning and not listening.
2. Nature/Nurture of debate
3. Sometimes you should fight, but not always.

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The Social Lives of Things

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Meaning of a thing is not fixed

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Linguistics

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Ways in which language, culture, and social interaction intersect.

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Language rules

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1. Part of Enculturation.
2. Based on arbitrary/learned associations.

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Displacement

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Being able to speak about something in the past or future even though it does not exist in the present.

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Call Systems

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Limited number of sounds produced in response to specific stimuli, and cannot be combined to produce new calls.

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Kinesics

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Communication through body movements.

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Phonology

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Study of sounds used in speech

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Morphology

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Studies how to combine words or sounds in speech (by the use of morphemes).

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Morphemes

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Smallest units of meaning.

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Syntax

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Wording of a sentence. Rules of grammar.

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Lexicon

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Dictionary

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Phonemes

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Smallest sound contrasts that distinguish meaning, which carries no meanings in themselves.

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Phonetics

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Study of human speech sounds generally.

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Phonemic

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How Phones act in a particular language.

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Chomsky on Language

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Chomsky thought there was a universal language. Possibility of anything being directly translated.

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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Different languages produce different ways of thinking.

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Focal Vocabulary

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Group of words that correspond to culturally important things for a given group of people.

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Semantics

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Study of language meaning.

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Ethnosemantics

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Study of linguistic categorization

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Sociolinguistics

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Study of language in it's social context.

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Diglossia

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Language that has two forms:
Government/Prestigious vs. Vernacular

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Rapport vs. Report

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I.e. women speak softer to gain rapport with others.
men tend to use working class speech to seem masculine

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Linguistic Relatively

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Language can be inaccessible to non-adapted individuals.

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Black English Vernacular

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Dialect spoken by the majority of black youth.

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Protolanguages

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An ancestral language of a particular language.

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Daughter languages

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Sub languages that are derived from a protolanguage.

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Doublespeak terms

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Euphemism, gobbledygook/bureaucratese, inflated language

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Jargon

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Specialized language of trade profession or similar group.

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Semiotics (Saussure)

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Study of signs in communication.
1. We are highly skilled at reading signs
2. sign (rose) signifier (romance)

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Semiotics (Pierce)

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1. Sign (stop) / interpretent (car stopping) / object or referent which means you should stop.

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Icons

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resemble what they signify

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indexes

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related to something through cause and effect.