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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cultural Anthropology |
One of the four fields of Anthro- study of living people and societies |
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Ethnography |
Describing and explaining specific cultures products are usually in books |
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Ethnology |
Practice of comparing cultures to find patterns |
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Linguistic |
One of the four field of anthro- studies the nature and evolution of language(s) study of lang itself -documenting & understanding langs -explaining how they work & why they are as they r |
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Historical Linguistics & Sociolinguistics |
How languages evolved over time Language use in social context |
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Physical or Biological |
One of four field of anthro- study of humans as biological organisms -human variation & how to explain it -adaption to environment - how human biology influences & influenced by culture, behavior and society |
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Paleoanthropolgy |
Evolution of humans and our closer relatives (Dead and living) |
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Primatology |
study of non-human primates for clues about basic human nature (ex: chimps) |
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Archaeology |
cultural anthro of the past -study of past cultures based primarily on remains of material culture (stuff left from the past and also their bodies) |
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Applied Anthropology |
Applying anthro in policy and area experts -business anthro: culture of the workplace -medical anthropology |
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Ideal Culture |
How things are suppose to be in culture |
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Real Culture |
How things are in actual practice; often different from ideal culture. |
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Material Culture |
Physical things people make and use as a result of symbolic culture |
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Symbolic Culture |
Ideas in people's minds (beliefs about people, the world, etc.) |
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Holistic view and comparative approach |
-take every aspect of culture into consideration - compare data from multiple cultures helps find patterns |
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Culture is... Learned |
-not inborn -children learn cultures they r raised in |
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Culture is.. Shared |
values, rules of behavior, idea, etc= people in same culture have in common |
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Culture is.. symbolic |
-symbols are things that refer to other things -saying culture is essentially about meanings -turns objects into symbols of other things |
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Culture is.. integrated |
-many aspects or parts of a culture fit together into a coherent, functional whole. "integrated into one whole." |
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Culture is... practical (adaptive) |
-many aspects of a culture are ways of dealing with practical problems -may not be effective but r meant to solve practical problems |
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Culture is.. naturalized and unconsidered |
meanings that culture places on the world seem natural, normal, inherently human |
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Culture is.... arbitrary |
not determined, given, or fixed by the physical world. purely by convention not established by fixed features if the real world |
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society |
a group of people who interact more with each other than they do with other individuals. -vs. culture = the ideas and values they they share |
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Arbitrary Cultural Construct |
arbitrary ideas or interpretation shared by members of the culture. |
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Naïve realism |
the mistaken assumption that some arbitrary cultural construct from one's own culture is actually a universal, real fact of life. |
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Ethnocentrism |
refers to widespread human tendency for people to see themselves as being at the center of the universe. |
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Cultural Relativism |
stresses importance of analyzing cultures in own terms instead of in terms of the culture of the anthropologist's. |
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Ethical relativism |
acceptance of all ethical systems as equivalent. |
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Culture shock |
cultural affects is so strongly that immersion in a unfamiliar culture causes severe physiological problems. |
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What is an haj |
the journey a muslim might take to the holy land |
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Ethnicity (or ethnic group) |
a category of people thought to be similar to each other and different from other ethnicities, based on shared -lang and or -culture -religion -history |
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Race |
A category of people thought to be similar to each other, and different from other races based on.. -physical, biological characteristics -due to shared descent from people of a particular region. |
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social race |
racial categories define social race a socially constructed, socially significant categorizing scheme. -but not a biological reality -race is no more real, objective, or inherent in people than is ethnicity. |
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emic |
insiders perspective using their terms to explain things ex; christians pray in order to get help from God |
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etic |
way of thinking about a culture using terms, concepts, categories, and constructs familiar to an outside observer. "christians pray because it gives them psychological benefits.. |
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Cline, clinical |
gradual variation across a space (land) instead of clumped groups of skin color (black white yellow) the variation is clinical (continuous or gradual) |
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Essentialize |
To think that a category has "essential" features -implies each member of the category has those features. ex: Asians are smart |
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Pidgin |
a "contact language" usually a mix of two languages -with limited vocal and simplified grammar -used only in contact situation b/w ppl who do not otherwise share a language -poor for communicating more subtle ideas |
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Who is Bronislaw Malinowski |
went to Trobriand island (which were under british colonial rule) and made methods of a good ethnography went during world war I, so he was stuck there until war was over |
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Malinowski secret for successful anthro work: participant observation |
have to live WITH the people you are studying. |
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Malinowski secret for successful anthro work: Have scientific aims |
purpose is to understand&explain them, not judge -task if to figure out the reasons, the logic, of the culture that allows us to understand it. |
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Malinowski secret for successful anthro work: make systematic observations |
using his three methods of ethnography |
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Malinowski's ethnographic methods: record concrete, statistical documentation |
collect lots of specific cases -make tables/charts that summarize them -try to figure out what cases have in common;patterns, |
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Malinowski's ethnographic methods: record the imponderabilia of actual life |
means things ppl don't even think about; don't think need 2 be explained& often can't explain -only way 2 learn is by observing & participating in them |
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Malinowski's ethnographic methods:record a corpus inscriptionum |
write pals explanations, stories, expressions, folklore, magical incantations etc in their own words, and own language. -documents the native mentality. |
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informant (cultural consultant), key informant |
person who teaches an anthropologist about a culture -certain people who know a lot about some are of interest and are willing to explain things. |
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genealogical method |
collect info about who is related to who and how -usually involves setting up interviews with every person in a community. -reveals tendencies and rules about who marries who, gender roles, fam structure, |
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life histories |
collect complete life stories of few willing to tell -takes a long time |
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qualitative methods |
are anecdotal (based on anecdotes: individual stories, events, conversations) |
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quantitative methods |
produce numerical, statistical results: surveys, censuses |
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interview schedule |
an outline of topics to cover during interview |
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time allocation study |
follow people around and systematically record what they are doing on a regular, often on minute-minute to basis. |
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archival research |
research various types of documents from -relevant history - census records - depends on what anthropologists have in mind to study on pop. |
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reflexive ethnography |
include some biography and experiences of the ethnography (is essentially present in story) |
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kinship notation |
figure to plot out family tree circle represents female square or triangle represents male double horizontal lines= marriage dotted =going to b married |
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ethnographic present |
style of writing that describes observations in present tense. |
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explaining culture in terms of: adaptation |
culture is a biological adaptation -have to explain it's function & how it is effective |
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functionalism |
explains beliefs & practices in terms of problems they solve and needs they full fill |
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Doctrine of Needs |
ideas and practices serve basic human needs of individuals -need for food, shelter, friendship etc.. |
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explaining culture in terms of: meaning |
culture is a set of meanings assigned to things, and responses appropriate to those meanings. |
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structural functionalism |
explains beliefs and practices in terms of how they meet societies need to maintain it's social structure ex: parents will always want to control their children more than the children want to be controlled |
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pollution |
the taint one gets from committing a wrong ex: hindu eating cow |
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explaining culture in terms of: system (of interrelated parts) |
culture is a system of institutions, roles, and relationships that are all interconnected. -any one aspect of the culture is affected by many others. -a change in 1 thing affects many others. |
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materialism |
view that most aspects of life (religion,art, social organization, government, wars..) are ultimately determined by the material, economic demands of the real world. |
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historical materialist |
using a materialist approach to explain the long-term history of changing social organization -argue that changes in social organization largely reflected changes in material (economic) organization. |
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cultural materialism (Marvin Harris promoted it) |
use a materialist approach to explain aspects of culture -cultural practices and beliefs reflect material (economic) needs |
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Marvin Harris
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made approach of cultural materialism
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infrastructure |
the basic, practical practices that provide for survival and continuation of the society -esp. subsistence (food production), technology, & economics |
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Structure |
social organization: how social relations are arranged |
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superstructure |
systems of meanings -religion, symbols, philosophy, ideology |
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infrastructural determinism (materialists assume infrastructural determinism) |
idea that infrastructure is most basic level, -structure develops to meet need of infrastructure -the superstructure is virtually a byproduct of structure and infrastructure |
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symbolic anthropology |
emphasizes that people see culturally defined meanings in things and act in accordance with those meanings -symbolic anthro's invert the materialists' order of causation. |
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culture as a text |
view that you can read meanings of things and actions -figure out what something means is like reading a text -ex: "reading the Balinese cock fight" |
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Clifford Geertz |
man who viewed culture as a text |
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subsistence |
"how people get their groceries" -how people get by fundamental to understand everything else |
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hunting and gathering (foraging) |
living on wild resources w/o intentionally altering the landscape.
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agropastoralism |
mix of agriculture and pastoralism, but cant be moving around bc of fixed place in agriculture |
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agriculture |
farming -activities to artificially increase plant food yields |
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pastoralism |
herding -moving with herds of pasture, not moving feed to them |
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wage labor system |
people work for pay, instead of producing own subsistence goods -exchange income for subsistence goods produced by other for exchange. |
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band, band society |
"simple" social organization based on kinship -one system but complex |
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shifting agriculture |
also called slash and burn, swidden -clear area of forest ("slash") and usually burn the debris ("Burn") |
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fallow |
the resting period b/w periods of agricultural use of a plot of land |
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intensification or intensive agriculture |
putting more energy into acre(s) of land to get more crop production out per acre -by plowing, weeding, irrigating |
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staple, or staple crop |
food crop produced in large quantities as a major part of the diet ex: sweet potato from Kapauku |
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sedentary |
having one permanent place of residence, year around |
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semi-sedentary |
various partially settled patterns - ex: several fixed homes, one for each season. |
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nomadic |
having no long term place of residence -always living in temp. camps |
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transhumant |
moving through a regular seasonal round of locations -may rotate b/w fixed settlements |
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subsistence agriculture |
each family mostly produces food for its own consumption |
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crash cropping |
each family mostly produces farmed crops for sale -often non foods -coffee cocoa, cotton tobacco, opium -rather than staple foods that the fam would actually consume |
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age set |
all people born in a period of a few years -often participate in coming-of-age rituals and other activities as a group, -feel solidarity "SSU class of 2016" |