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60 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Acheulian
A stone tool making tradition dating from 1.5 million years ago. Generally larger tools with standardized shapes and designs. (Hand-Axe)
Mousterian
Only found with Homo sapiens neandertalensis. Flaked tools; shaped core/striking platform (scrapers)
Neolithic
New Stone Age; domestication of plants and animals.
Broad Spectrum Collecting
Reliance on a diverse array of more stationary food resources.
Sedentarism
Settled Life.
Agriculture
The practice of raising domesticated crops.
Domestication
Modification or adaptation of plants and animals for use by humans. This is the difference between food-collecting and food production.
State
A hierarchical, centralized political system capable of organizing and directing a substantial number of people for a collective purpose.
Cuneiform
Wedge-shaped writing invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.
Hieroglyphics
"Picture writing," as in ancient Egypt and in Mayan sites in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America).
Natufians
Earliest people known to have stored surplus crops.
Food Production
Cultivation and domestication of plants and animals. and supports more people.
Food Collection
Cultivation and domestication of plants and animals.
Achieved Status
Status achieved over a lifetime.
Ascribed Status
Status conferred at birth due to differences in power and wealth.
Culture
A set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or population.
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures solely in terms of your own culture.
Cultural Relativism
The idea that a society’s customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society’s problems and opportunities.
Norms
Standards or rules about acceptable behavior.
Participant-Observation
Go to a group and observe behavior as an outsider and partake in the culture (Dance, making food, etc).
Field Work
Firsthand experience with the people being studied and the usual means by which anthropological information is obtained.
Phonology
Patterning of sounds.
Morphology
Patterning of sound sequences to form meaningful units.
Phonemes
Sound or set of sounds that makes a difference in meaning. (lake/rake)
Morphemes
Smallest unit of language that has meaning. (a), (in), (un), (non), or (s) - (s) means plural.
Syntax
The ways in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences. Or Rules predicting how phrases and sentences are formed.
Structural Linguistics
Because of these inherent and accepted rules we can come up with new language parts.
Historical Linguistics
The study of how languages change over time.
Sociolinguistics
The study of cultural and subcultural patterns of speaking in different social contexts.
Proxemics
Cross-cultural study of the perception and use of space in humans.
Signal
Sounds or gestures with a natural meaning. (Crying, groaning, Screaming)
Symbol
Signs, sounds or gestures that are arbitrarily linked to something else and represent it in a meaningful way. Spoken or written words, flags, wedding rings. Culturally learned.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Strong – language dictates how people think and perceive the world around them, including culture.
Weak – language influences how people think and perceive the world around them, including culture.
Horticulture
Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields.
Pastoralism
A form of subsistence technology in which food-getting is based directly or indirectly on the maintenance of domesticated animals.
Intensive Agriculture
Food production characterized by the permanent cultivation of fields and made possible by the use of the plow, draft animals or machines, fertilizers, irrigation, water-storage techniques, and other complex agricultural techniques.
Corvée
A system of required labor.
Generalized Reciprocity
Gift giving without any immediate or planned return.
Balanced Reciprocity
Giving with the expectation of a straightforward immediate or limited-time trade.
Market Exchange
Transactions in which the "prices" are subject to supply and demand, whether or not the transactions occur in a marketplace.
Redistribution
The accumulation of goods (or labor) by a particular person or in a particular place and their subsequent distribution.
General-Purpose Money
A universally accepted medium of exchange.
Paleoindian
Nomadic, Big game hunting (mammoth, bison) in 11,500 BP.
Archaic
Time period in the New World during which food production first developed. 8000 BP, Warmer-adapted plants, and Seasonal camps.
Superstructure
Ideology and worldview (religion, perception of self and world).
Infrastructure
Subsistence mode (farming, pastoralism, food collectors). How they live, how they go about living. Type of technology they have (cell phones, roads, etc.).
Egalitarian Society
A society in which all persons of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.
Rank Society
A society that does not have any unequal access to economic resources or power, but with social groups that have unequal access to status positions and prestige.
Class Society
A society containing social groups that have unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.
Caste
A ranked group, often associated with a certain occupation, in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own caste.
Racism
The belief, without scientific basis, that one "race" is superior to others.
Slave
A class of persons who do not own their own labor or the products thereof.
Manumission
The granting of freedom to a slave.
Kinesics
Field that studies body language.
Optimal Foraging Theory
Organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their energy intake per unit time.
Kula Ring
A ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.
Potlatch
A ceremonial feast held by some Indians of the northwestern coast of North America (as in celebrating a marriage or a new accession) in which the host gives gifts to tribesmen and others to display his superior wealth (sometimes, formerly, to his own impoverishment).
Homo Neanderthalensis
Date: 130-30 thousands of years ago.
Place: Europe; Israel; western Asia.
Other: large, robust cranium; low vault; occipital bun; large brain (1600 cm3); no keel or torus; large, arching browridges; midfacial projection; large nasal cavity; no chin; retromolar space
First hominid discovered
Larger brain size
Homo sapiens
Date: ?100 Ka- present
Place: Europe; Africa; Asia
Other: smaller teeth and jaws; larger brain (1500 cm3); less robust; smaller browridges; higher cranial vault; chin
Franz Boas
Known as the father of American Anthropology.
His approach was termed historical particularism, he focused on recording particular traits.
He studied Arctic peoples first.
He introduced the term Cultural relativism to anthropology.