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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acheulian
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A stone tool making tradition dating from 1.5 million years ago. Generally larger tools with standardized shapes and designs. (Hand-Axe)
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Mousterian
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Only found with Homo sapiens neandertalensis. Flaked tools; shaped core/striking platform (scrapers)
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Neolithic
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New Stone Age; domestication of plants and animals.
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Broad Spectrum Collecting
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Reliance on a diverse array of more stationary food resources.
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Sedentarism
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Settled Life.
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Agriculture
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The practice of raising domesticated crops.
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Domestication
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Modification or adaptation of plants and animals for use by humans. This is the difference between food-collecting and food production.
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State
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A hierarchical, centralized political system capable of organizing and directing a substantial number of people for a collective purpose.
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Cuneiform
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Wedge-shaped writing invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.
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Hieroglyphics
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"Picture writing," as in ancient Egypt and in Mayan sites in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America).
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Natufians
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Earliest people known to have stored surplus crops.
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Food Production
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Cultivation and domestication of plants and animals. and supports more people.
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Food Collection
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Cultivation and domestication of plants and animals.
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Achieved Status
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Status achieved over a lifetime.
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Ascribed Status
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Status conferred at birth due to differences in power and wealth.
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Culture
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A set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or population.
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Ethnocentrism
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Judging other cultures solely in terms of your own culture.
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Cultural Relativism
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The idea that a society’s customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society’s problems and opportunities.
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Norms
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Standards or rules about acceptable behavior.
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Participant-Observation
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Go to a group and observe behavior as an outsider and partake in the culture (Dance, making food, etc).
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Field Work
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Firsthand experience with the people being studied and the usual means by which anthropological information is obtained.
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Phonology
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Patterning of sounds.
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Morphology
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Patterning of sound sequences to form meaningful units.
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Phonemes
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Sound or set of sounds that makes a difference in meaning. (lake/rake)
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Morphemes
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Smallest unit of language that has meaning. (a), (in), (un), (non), or (s) - (s) means plural.
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Syntax
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The ways in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences. Or Rules predicting how phrases and sentences are formed.
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Structural Linguistics
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Because of these inherent and accepted rules we can come up with new language parts.
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Historical Linguistics
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The study of how languages change over time.
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Sociolinguistics
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The study of cultural and subcultural patterns of speaking in different social contexts.
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Proxemics
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Cross-cultural study of the perception and use of space in humans.
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Signal
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Sounds or gestures with a natural meaning. (Crying, groaning, Screaming)
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Symbol
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Signs, sounds or gestures that are arbitrarily linked to something else and represent it in a meaningful way. Spoken or written words, flags, wedding rings. Culturally learned.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Strong – language dictates how people think and perceive the world around them, including culture.
Weak – language influences how people think and perceive the world around them, including culture. |
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Horticulture
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Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields.
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Pastoralism
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A form of subsistence technology in which food-getting is based directly or indirectly on the maintenance of domesticated animals.
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Intensive Agriculture
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Food production characterized by the permanent cultivation of fields and made possible by the use of the plow, draft animals or machines, fertilizers, irrigation, water-storage techniques, and other complex agricultural techniques.
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Corvée
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A system of required labor.
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Generalized Reciprocity
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Gift giving without any immediate or planned return.
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Balanced Reciprocity
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Giving with the expectation of a straightforward immediate or limited-time trade.
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Market Exchange
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Transactions in which the "prices" are subject to supply and demand, whether or not the transactions occur in a marketplace.
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Redistribution
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The accumulation of goods (or labor) by a particular person or in a particular place and their subsequent distribution.
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General-Purpose Money
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A universally accepted medium of exchange.
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Paleoindian
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Nomadic, Big game hunting (mammoth, bison) in 11,500 BP.
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Archaic
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Time period in the New World during which food production first developed. 8000 BP, Warmer-adapted plants, and Seasonal camps.
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Superstructure
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Ideology and worldview (religion, perception of self and world).
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Infrastructure
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Subsistence mode (farming, pastoralism, food collectors). How they live, how they go about living. Type of technology they have (cell phones, roads, etc.).
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Egalitarian Society
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A society in which all persons of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.
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Rank Society
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A society that does not have any unequal access to economic resources or power, but with social groups that have unequal access to status positions and prestige.
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Class Society
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A society containing social groups that have unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.
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Caste
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A ranked group, often associated with a certain occupation, in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own caste.
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Racism
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The belief, without scientific basis, that one "race" is superior to others.
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Slave
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A class of persons who do not own their own labor or the products thereof.
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Manumission
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The granting of freedom to a slave.
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Kinesics
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Field that studies body language.
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Optimal Foraging Theory
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Organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their energy intake per unit time.
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Kula Ring
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A ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.
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Potlatch
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A ceremonial feast held by some Indians of the northwestern coast of North America (as in celebrating a marriage or a new accession) in which the host gives gifts to tribesmen and others to display his superior wealth (sometimes, formerly, to his own impoverishment).
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Homo Neanderthalensis
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Date: 130-30 thousands of years ago.
Place: Europe; Israel; western Asia. Other: large, robust cranium; low vault; occipital bun; large brain (1600 cm3); no keel or torus; large, arching browridges; midfacial projection; large nasal cavity; no chin; retromolar space First hominid discovered Larger brain size |
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Homo sapiens
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Date: ?100 Ka- present
Place: Europe; Africa; Asia Other: smaller teeth and jaws; larger brain (1500 cm3); less robust; smaller browridges; higher cranial vault; chin |
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Franz Boas
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Known as the father of American Anthropology.
His approach was termed historical particularism, he focused on recording particular traits. He studied Arctic peoples first. He introduced the term Cultural relativism to anthropology. |