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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do anthropologists do? |
Anthropologists study: modern humans, our ancestors, our nearest non-human relatives (the other primates) |
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What are the four sub-disciplines of North American anthropology? |
-cultural -archaeological -biological (physical) -linguistic |
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What Are Cultural Anthropologists? |
study human society and culture |
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What Are Archaeological Anthropologists? |
reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material |
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What Are Biological (Physical) Anthropologists? |
concerned with human biological diversity across time and space |
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What Are Linguistic Anthropologists? |
study the present languages and make inferences about those of the past |
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What does "holistic" mean? |
past, present, future; biology, society, language and culture |
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What does cross-cultural mean? |
compares the customs of one society with others |
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What is the difference between society and culture? |
society is shared between humans and animals (such as wolves), its just organized life in groups; culture is predominately a human characteristic which includes customs and traditions transmitted through learning |
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What are the two dimensions of American anthropology? |
1. academic/theoretical anthropology 2. applied anthropology |
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Organisms use ____________ means to adapt to a given environment, but humans also rely very heavily on __________ means. |
biological; cultural |
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True or False, biological races exist among humans? |
false, biological variation between human populations involves gradual shifts (clines) in gene frequencies, not sharp breaks. |
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Racial classifications are usually based on...? |
phenotypical traits (eg skin color), which is a poor representation the wide range of skin colors |
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Skin color variation can be explained by... |
-natural selection (adaptation) -sunlight -disease -vitamin D |
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How is culture expressed?
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it's expressed through traditions, customs, rituals, marriage practices, language. Everyone is "cultured," not just the wealthy or educated
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How does enculturation occur? (two things)
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occurs through1. direct instructions: "DON'T DO THAT"2. observation: "piercings are cool" (conscious or unconscious)
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What is psychic unity?
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the idea that all human populations/groups share the same capacity for culture
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An "individual's own culture" is also referred to as...
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Personality
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What is our most common symbolic behavior?
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The use of words and language
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What is agency?
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people creatively manipulate cultural "rules"
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What is ideal culture?
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idealized descriptions of a culture given by its natives
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What is real culture?
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people's actual behavior
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What is an adaptive strategy?
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responses to environmental challengese
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What is ethnocentrism?
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the practice of judging another culture based on your own culture's standards, it is a cultural universal and contributes to social solidarity (us against them)
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What is cultural relativism?
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the values of one culture should not be used as standards to evaluate another culture (being able to see the LOGIC behind every culture's own actions)
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What are the two main sources of cultural generalities?
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1. Diffusion (the advancement of the hamburger)2. Independent Invention (the invention of pottery across the world)
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What is the primary ethical obligation of the anthropologist?
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to the safety, dignity and privacy of the people, species, or materials he or she studies
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_____________ consent must be obtained for research.
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informed
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What is ethnography?
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a detailed study of a community or group; firsthand and holistic
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What is participant observation?
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the ethnographer takes part in the activities being observed
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What are the three main interview strategies?
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1. undirected conversation (establishes trust)2. open-ended interviews (focuses on specific topics)3. formal interviews (with a set of questions)
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What are some characteristics of ethnographic research?
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-study of whole, functioning communities-based on firsthand fieldwork-qualitative research-holistic
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What are some characteristics of survey research?
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-study of a small sample of a larger community, often industrial-often conducted with little to no personal contact between subjects and researchers-quantitative research-focused
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What is genealogy?
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the study of how people are related
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What is kinship?
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who you're related to
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What is descent?
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who your ancestors were
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Why are life histories useful?
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to show how different people interpret and deal differently with similar issues therefore, they can illustrate diversity within a community
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What is an EMIC approach?
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investigates how natives think, categorize the world, express thoughts, and interpret stimuli; the "native viewpoint"
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What is an ETIC approach?
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emphasizes the categories, interpretation, and features that the anthropologist thinks are important; the "science-oriented viewpoint"
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Who was Bronislaw Malinowski?
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-founder of ethnography-famous for salvage ethnography-pioneered long-term fieldwork-wanted to grasp the indigenous (emic) viewpoint
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What is salvage ethnography?
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the recording of culture that is threatened by westernization
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Interpretive anthropologist
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believe that ethnographers should describe and interpret that which is meaningful to the natives
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Experimental anthropologist
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(aka reflexive ethnography) question ethnographic realism b/c there is a possibility of an objective, scientific account, or opinion because ethnographers ALWAYS incorporate their point-of-view into the account, so this bias is acknowledged
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What is an ethnographic present?
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a romanticized, timelessness before westernization, when the "true" culture flourished
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What is longitudinal research?
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the long-term study of a community, region, society, or culture (good for the study of change)
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What is team research?
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involves a series of ethnographers conducting complimentary research in a given community, culture, or region (can encompass multiple, related sites)
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How are call systems different from human language? |
Calls are not creative; cannot be combined to produce new calls; they are automatic responses to specific stimuli |
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Are odors considered kinesics? |
Yes, they play an important role in nonverbal communication |
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What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? |
the differences in language reflect the differences in thought |
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Who was Noam Chomsky? |
he argued for a universal grammar ( a limited number of ways in which languages are structured) |
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How do women tend to speak? |
-more standard dialect -fewer "power" words -a "softer" language |
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How do men tend to speak? |
using working class speech because its perceived to be more masculine |
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What is symbolic capital? |
the idea that the dominant class' way of speaking is considered "standard" even though other classes may speak in a different way (there aren't many news anchors with Southern accents) |
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What is linguistic relativity? |
the belief that no language is superior to any other |
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Does BEV have rules? |
Yes, it has it's own complex system of linguistic rules |
