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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Materialistic Philosophers
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-Democritus and Epicurus (5th Century)-contonuity of nature, selection of random change
-Empedocles: adaptation required a specific explanation -Anaximader: life generated by natural process |
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Lamark
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Inheritance as acquired characteristics -"inner need" drives transformation- change that happened during your life time was inheritable
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Darwin
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-Evolution by natural selection, species not created separately and not fixed in form
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Essentialism
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(from Plato) -every organism has a true essence-typological thinking
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Teleology
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(From Aristotle)- processes, including evolution, is always working toward a better and better goal, "final cause"
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Neo-Darwinism (Modern Synthesis)
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Fisher, Haldane, Wright
-Put together natural selection and is mechanisms through genetics. |
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Aquatic Ape
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thought that there was an aquatic stage in between ape and human evolution
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Difficulties for Darwin
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Variability- How does it come to be?
Mechanism- How are features and characteristics inherited? Evidence- Not a large fossil evidence field Complexity- How do we get complex features? Chance- The element fo chance (mutations) |
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Conditions of Natural Selection
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Reproduction
Heritability Variability Fitness Variability |
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Extinction
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suddenly stop
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Cladogenesis
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1 species splits into 2, old species continues, or both change from the original
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Anagenesis
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A species continues changing until it can be classified as a new species
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Stasis
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a species doesn't change and continues with no need to evolve.
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Genotype
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genetic make-up; determines phenotype
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Phenotype
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physical manifestations
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Point mutations
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typos
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Deletion/Insertion
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Copy/Paste
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Inversion
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Breakage
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Replacement Substitutions Vs. Silent Site Substitutions
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replacement has effect while silent has a neutral effect
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Directional Selection
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One side of the bell curve is favored and not the average
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Stabilizing Selection
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Most Common
-those in the average are most fit -selection is happening but those in average are most favored |
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Disruptive Selection
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-those in middle have lower fitness
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Codon
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triplet pair, code for a specific protein through 20 different amino acids
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Meiosis
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Sex cell replication
-where mutations happen |
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Polypoidy
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many kinds of mutations with many different effects
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Continuous Traits
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Height, weight
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Discontinuous Traits
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Tongue rolling, numbers of figures
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Single gene Inheritance
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single gene leads to single effect
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Multi gene (polygenetic) Inheritance
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many genes contribute to create one effect, depending on combination
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Pleiotropic
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one gene has multiple effects, most genes have many different features they control
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Hidden Variation
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way beyond distribution, rare
Ex. Foxes |
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Expressed Variation
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shown in the distribution
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Allopatric Speciation
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create a physical barrier to separate the population, they each change independently
EX. fruit flies in Hawaii spread to newly arrising islands, 500 species emerged in 23,000 years |
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Parapatric Speciation
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populations are in contact but become isolated; due to different environments
- gene flow vs. strength of environments selection; usually a hybrid zone ill adapted to both environments Ex. Baboons across Africa, salamanders in Cal, a "ring species", comes closer on the time line will mate but those far apart will not |
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Sympatric Speciation
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a population within that gene pool and environment and one group takes a different trajectory to make a sub-population
-somehow isolated one group within the larger population but usually restricted to gene flow Ex.2 fish colonize a lake, 2 new species arise from the original, genetic difference occur, a new phenotype arose and they stopped mating |
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Typological Species Concept
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lookealike=grouped together
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Biological Species Concept
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reproduction and mating
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Ecological species Concept
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unique ecological niche
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Recognition Species Concept
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recognition as potential mates
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Phyletic Gradualism
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Darwinian-distributions shift slow, and uniform, splits upon a stress
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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a population is not changing much, small split off and changes quickly while original shifts back
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Costs of Sex
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-fewer offspring
-break up of advantageous combination of genes -finding a mate |
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Advantages of Sex
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-genetic recombination: increases variability
-accelerates rate of evolution -reduces the # of deletion mutations in offspring -keep up with changing environment |
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epi-phenomena
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a byproduct of another development
Ex. human chin serves no adaptive significance |
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Exaptation
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a feature develops for a specific reason that has been co-opted for another or several other reasons/actions (may be wings and feathers); human fingers are exaptations
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Analogy
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2 creatures independently develop the same feature
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Homology
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had a common ancestor
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What makes an animal a primate?
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1. Features of Hands/Feet
2. Features of Sensory organs 3. Features of life History 4. Large Brain 5. Most primates live in groups |
