Anthropology

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Tribe Hominini

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Hominins

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Synapormorphies of our lineage?

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Bipedalism (lots in here) Apical wear of canines. Early members had thick enamel and large teeth

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First skull found that may be part of hominin??? And where?? When?

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Found in Sahel, Chad

6-7 MYA

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Whats the big deal with Sahelanthropus??

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Apical wear on canines, small

Oldest fossil found for hominins

Nicknamed Toumai and had a flatter face than chimps

May have had human like head posture - Foragen magmum more forward

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Orrorin Tugenensis

From where?

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Kenya

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Orrorin Tugenensis

What kinds of arms and hands, what size canine and thigh?

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Arboreal arms and hands, large canines

BUT
Bipedally adapted thigh (Femur neck) weight bearing

Thick enamel (human like) other aspects of teeth primitive

AND 6 MYA

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Ardipithecus came from where and when?

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Ethiopia 5.8-4.4 MYA

By Tim White

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What's so cool about Ardipithecus?

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Slightly more human canine, but mixed primitive dentition. Short base of skill may imply it was helf like biped. And had a wider ilium

Dorsally canted toe, implies bipedalism and an abducted hallux

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What kinds of habitats are Australopithecines found in???

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Savanna!

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What does ardipithecus say about hominid evolution??

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They were found in forested habitats, which means that the first steps of hominid evolution occured in forests

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So what's good about bipedalism

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It may have been an efficent way for a hominoid to respoond to forest fragmentation

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Australopithecus Anamensis


When?
Where?

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3.9-4.2 MYA

Found by Meave Leakey and Kamoya Kimeau at Allia Bay and Kanapoi


May have extended it's range all the way to ethipia

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What's so cool about Australopithecus??

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Bipedal for sure!

Knee and ankle are specialized for bipedality

Forms a Bicondylar angel

And the Bateral Condyle is larger

And the elbow doesn't have the deep olecranon fossa with a steep lateral wall like earlier hominins

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What is the angle called that the knees have for bipedalism?

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Bicondylar

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So was Australopithecus still primitive??

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Enormous canine root - protruding muzzle (prognathic) and parallel posterior tooth rows

BUT

Biped and thick molar enamel and widened molars

Can eat tougher food

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Many believe that A.
anamensis is directly
ancestral to

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A.
afarensis, perhaps
even the same chronospecies

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Australopithecus Afarensis

When? Where?

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Found in Hadar and FOOTPRINTS in Laetoli

3.6-3.0 MYA

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Who mainly found A Afarensis?

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Louis and Mary Leakey

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What's special about Afarensis?

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Bipedial knee - LUCY

540 cc Cranial capacity - Chimp cranial

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Australopithecus
bahrelghazali

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May fit in with Afarensis. Found in chad

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What kind of teeth did Afarensis have??

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Intermediate

Square form of the first molar
Post-Canine Megadontia

Central Incisors larger than lateral incisors (primitive)

Diastema

Both types of wear on canine

Variable - One cusp on P3 - bicuspid in humans

Parallel teeth rows

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Skull of Afarensis??

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Shallow TMJ
Weak mandibular eminence
Unflexed

Primitive!

Sagittal crest with peak at back of skull

Prognathism

438 cc

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Afarensis body?

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Lower pelvic girdle and broader

Longer femoral necks - stronger butt muscles

Smaller birth Canals

Bipedal knees

Convergent big toe and high arch

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Australopithecus Africanus

When, where???

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3-2.4 MYA From Taung

Examined by Raymond Dart

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Who brought down Piltdown man?

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Broom - Found A Africanus

Found lostsa fossils in Sterkfontein and stone tools, but wrong strata

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What's cool about Africanus??

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No Diastema
Parabolic Teeth
Less Projecting Canine with apical wear
Lower P3 has strong metaconid and not obliquely oriented
Post-cranial megadontia
Deep Mandibular Fossa
Strong flexion of cranial base
More forward attachment of temporalis muscle
452 cc
Sexual dimorphism

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Africanus' teeth were specialized for....

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Heavy Chewing

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A. africanus is
on the lineage
leading to
Homo, and may
also be
ancestral to
another lineage
of hominin,

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Paranthropus

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Single Species Hypothesis

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Up until 1970’s most
paleoanthropologists believed
that there was only one
species of hominin living at
any given time and place
• Competitive Exclusion

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confidently
identify the existence
of multiple hominin
species at the same
time beginning at
about

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3.5 mya in
East Africa.

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What three species overlaped in time and space in East Africa??

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A Afarenis, A bahrelghzali, Keynanthropus Platyops

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Kenyanthropus platyops

When?? Where??

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3.5-3.3 MYA

Lake Turkana

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Kenyanthropus Platyops key traits

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Primitive: Indistinct mandibular eminence and shallow TMJ

Smaller cheek teeth!

Reduced prognathism

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Kenyanthropus may share a clade with

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H. Rudolfensis

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Australopithecuc Garhi

When?? When

What's special?

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2.5 MYA

Ethiopia

Looks like afarensis but with enormous cheek teeth

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A. Garhi traits

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Megadontia

Prognathic

450 cc

Human-like limb proportions

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2.5 MYA in East and South Africa were the

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Robust Australopithecines

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Medadontia Complex

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Massive faces and jaws with molarized premolars

Heavy Alveolar bone

Robust Mandibles

Big Molars

Sagittal crest for temporalis muscle attachment

Huge Temporal fossa

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Australopithecus Aethiopicus

When, When?

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2.7-2.3 MYA from Ethiopia and Kenya

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Australopithecus Aethiopicus

Main feature

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Primitive looking megadont

Has a big muzzle, flat skull base, shallow TMJ and small brain

Huge teeth, jaws and chewing muscles

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Paranthropus Boisei

when, where?

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2.3-1.4 MYA Kenya

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Features of Paranthrpus Boisei

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Megadontia

Brain expansion, Decreased Prognathism, increased cranial base flexion, deeper jaw joint, more human-like hands

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Where were a lot of Paranthropus Boisei fossils found?

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Swartkrans

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Synapomorphies with P Robustus and Homo relative to earlier

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Brain expansion, decreased prognathism, increased cranial base flexion, Deep TMJ, more human-like hands

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Aethiopicus is more related to....

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A. Afarensis than the other robust

Primitive

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Evolutionary tree..

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Ape --> Afarnsis --> Aethropicus --> Africanus --> Para robustus and Boisei --> Homo

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Mary Leakey discovered...

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Zinj at Olduvai

super-megadont hominid
later called Paranthropus boisei

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Jonathan Leakey found

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Johnny's child at Olduvai

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Johnny's child

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Homo habilis

Stone tools

Large brain

smaller teeth

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Homo Habilis

When where??

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2.4-1.6 MYA

Olduvai and Lake Turkana

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Derived features of Homo Habilis

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Increased cranial capacity, Decreased prognathim, Deeper TMJ, Flexed skull base, smaller teeth and enamel, less robust jaws and faces, parabolic dental arcade, and tools

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Mary Leakey called the
tools associated with H.
habilis the

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Oldowan
Industrial Complex

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Primitive features of homo habilis

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Only 3'3

Large forelimbs and short femoral shaft

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Hominid Gang” led by

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Kamoya Kimeau at koobi fora

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Homo
rudolfensis

When?? Where?

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1.8-2.5 MYA at Lake Turkana

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Differences between homo rudolfensis and homo halibis

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Homo habilis was smaller and had facial features more like later homos but a primitive body

and homo rudolfensis weighted more, had a bigger brain, and more human like body with long legs

Homo habilis is small and has relativity long arms and small thighs

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Smaller teeth start with.....

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homo

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Significant Bigger brains start with...

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homo

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Megadontia Quotient =

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Actual cheek tooth size/predicted cheek tooth size

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Encephalization Quotient

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Ratio of actual brain weight to brain weight predicted from scaled body weight .. usually .76

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Problem with big brains

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Energetically expensive

Parturition is dangerous

Parental investment is enormous

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Homo Ergaster

When where??

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Africa, 1.8-.6 MYA

Lake Turkana

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Homo Ergaster

Features

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Big Brain

Less prognathism

smaller postcanine teeth and jaw

Maxillary premoalrs with only one root

SUPER tall compared to others

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Body parts homo ergaster shared with homo sapiens

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Proportionally longer legs, barrel shaped ribcage, larger vertebral joint surfaces, possibly a narrower pelvis

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differences between H.
ergaster and H. sapiens

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– Small sacrum in cross-section
– Smaller spinal column in the
neck region

Longer femoral neck
Thicker femoral cortex
• Indicates a robust, active hominid;
seen in all archaic species of Homo

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Homo sexual dimorphism??

Back 66

nope!