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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cultural Adaptation
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a complex of ideas and activities and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive
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Cultural Evolution
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culture change over time
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Convergent Evolution
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in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different people with different ancestral cultures
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Food foraging
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hunting, fishing and gathering wild plant foods
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Carrying Capacity
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the number of people that the avaliable resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques
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Self-Awareness
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the ability to identify oneself as an individual to reflect on oneself and to evaluate oneself
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Dependence training
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child-rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the domestic group, rather than reliance on oneself
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Independence Training
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child-rearing practices that foster independence, self-reliance and personal achievement
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Core Value
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those values especially promoted by a particular culture
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Personality
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the distinctive way a person thinks feels and behaves
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Naming Ceremony
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a special event or ritual to mark the naming of a child
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Code Switching
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changing from one level of language to another as the situation demands whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another
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Linguistic Divergence
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the development of different languages from a single ancestral language
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Language Family
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a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language
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grammar
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the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax
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Syntax
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The patterns or rules by which morphemes are arranged into phrases and sentences
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Morphology
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the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language
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phonetics
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the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language
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Language
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a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules
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Phonology
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the study of language sounds
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Signal
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an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self evident meaning
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Phoneme
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the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language
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Lingistics
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the modern scientific study of all aspects of language
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Displacement
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referring to things and events removed in time and space
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Writing System
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a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way
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Tonal Language
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a language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning
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Paralanguage
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voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning.
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Proxemics
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the cross-cultural study of humankinds perception and use of space.
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Kinesics
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a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions and bodily motions that convey messages
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Gesture
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facial expressions and bodily posutres and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages
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Linguistic determinism
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the idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us
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Linguistic Relativity
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the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language
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Ethnolinguistics
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branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutally influence and inform each other
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Dialects
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varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions occupations or social classes and that are similar enough to be mentally intelligible
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Gendered speech
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distinct male and female speech patterns, which very across social and cultural settings
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Sociolinguistics
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the study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech
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Linguistic nationalism
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the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms
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Core Vocabularies
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the most basic and long-lasting words in any language-pronouns, lower numerals and names for body parts and natural objects
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glottochronology
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in linguistics, a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor
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Distance of social relations
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the number and intensity of interactions among the members of a camp
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Modal Personality
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the body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population
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Culture Core
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cultural features that are fundamental in the societies way of making its living- including food-producing techniques, knowledge of avaliable resources and the work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local enivironment
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Culture Area
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a geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life
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Parallel evolution
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in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike
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Progress
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the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development toward perfections
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Ecosystem
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a system or a functioning whole composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it.
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Ethnic psychosis
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a mental disorder specific to a particular ethnic group
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transgender
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a person who crosses over or occupies a culturally accepted position in a binary male-female gender construction
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Intersexual
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a person born with reproductive organs, genitalia and or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female
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