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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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arboreal
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very active and comfortable in trees
ex: lemurs |
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terrestrial
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active and comfortable on ground
ex: savanna baboon and gorillas |
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diurnal
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active and comfortable in the day
ex: lemurs |
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nocturnal
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active and comfortable at night
ex: prosimians |
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crepuscular
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most active at twilight or at dawn
ex: |
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anatomical similarities of human and non human primates
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bipedal locomotion
bone & muscle morphology dental formula enlarged brain |
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cell and DNA similarities
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humans and chimpanzees have close cell similarity, 98%
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prosimians
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dog to cat size
well developed eyes resemble humans found in Madagascar, Africa |
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tree shrews (prosimians)
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small squirrel like primitative animals
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lemurs ( prosimians)
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rings on their tails
diurnal live on groups diet on fruits, leaves, flowers rubs bottom to create scent against trees (scent marking) |
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lorises/bush babies ( prosimians)
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nocturnal and insectivorous
powerful grip and reduced index finger slow when walking on branches |
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tarsiers ( prosimians)
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large eyes
long ankles or tarsels leap long distance incomplete eye socket!/ eyes cover most of face head turns 180° nocturnal found in pairs |
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anthropods
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second major category of primates
a) greater apes or old world monkeys b) lesser apes or new world monkeys c) humans and hominids |
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old world monkeys
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catarrhine noses (nostrils open downwards)
2 premolars tend to be large cannot hang on their tails more terrestrial well developed thumbs |
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new world monkeys
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platyrrhine nose (nostrils open sideways w/ broad nasal septum)
3 premolars tend to be small can hang on tails and pick up things with tails arboreal less developed thumbs ex: callithricidae, cebids (squirrel monkey and capuchins), aotinae (only complete nocturnal monkey), pithecinae (bald headed monkey), alouatinae (howler monkey), atelinae (spider monkey) |
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sexual dimorphism
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male: bigger, higher, more facial and body hair, aggressive
female: slender, smaller canines, half size of male |
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gorillas
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largest of living primate
terrestrial lives in small small groups confined to forested region of central Africa threatened habitat is Virungas |
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showdowns
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baboon: dominant male challenge each other to a fight
gorillas: beat and slap chest |
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mounting
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baboons and macaques mount other baboons to show dominance.
higher ranking individuals mount hindquarters of subordinate ones. not to mate.. but to show dominance |
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grooming
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enjoyed by dominant male leaders
level 1: rubbing or striding passionately to provide warmth level 2: picking or combing for cleaning of dirt and parasites |
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chimpanzee tool use
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chimpanzees are diurnal and group oriented in nature
(I) sticks for termite hunting (II) sponges from chewed leaves to soak up water (III) soft leave as toilet tissue (iv) sticks as a defense weapon when attacked (v) stones to crack nuts (vi) sticks to dig out marrow from bones |
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bonobos ( behavior)
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estrus:
significant red swelling on the Buttocks of some female primates that signify fertility and a need for sexual Intercourse. ex: bonobos, closest to human in regards to sexual urges |
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orangutans (behavior)
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live in isolation
slow and cautious climbers arboreal make are large with Sexual dimorphism |
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gibbon (behavior)
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small monkies with short bodies, long arms
brachiators arboreal live in small family groups air sac below the chin |
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wasahoe
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chimpanzee that used ASL
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sara
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use of plastic chips to match concepts or objects/ symbolic learning
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lana
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use of the computer communication, 30 wpm, symbolic communication
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koko
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brilliant success in the intelligence test and told stories of her capture in Africa
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difference between humans and non-primate communication
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productivity - vast vocabulary
displacement - tenses arbitrariness - abstract concepts and terms |
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cenzoic era
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turbulent hot and cold climate conditions
massive ice sculpturing of hills, valleys, mountains |
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mesozoic
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dessert, dust, and wind
dinosaur remains, no human remains |
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Paleozoic
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works changed from gases to a world of deserts, dust, and wind
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pre-paleozoic
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continents were united as one "pangea"
no evidence of any life at this time. |
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miocene epoch
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23 MYA up to 6 MYA
giant apes |
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Pliocene epoch
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6 mya to 1.5 may
Australiapitherins + homo habilis |
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Pleistocene epoch
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1.5 mya to 500 years ago
homo erextus + Neanderthals |
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Holocene epoch
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homo sapiens sapiens (wise man)
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stone tools for upper paleolithic period
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homo sapiens or modern humans
Mousterian middle: Neanderthals acheulian middle: homo erectus oldowan lower: homo habilis and homo rudolfensis |
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Chatelperronian stone tools for upper paleolithic period
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backed knives point and denticulates
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aurignacian stone tools for upper paleolithic period
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retouched tools and scrapers
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perigodian stone tools for upper paleolithic period
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truncated blades or boring
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Magdalenian stone tools for upper paleolithic period
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small, microlitic tools that were hafted into wood.
strong feature of bone and antler tools most famous: harpoon for fishing |
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Giant apes, culture of various fossil types
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no culture, no tools
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Austrapithecines (culture of fossil types)
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scavenger, eat dead remains of other animals
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homo-habilis (culture of fossil types)
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produced "0ldowan" tools
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homo-erectus (culture of fossil types)
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journey man, first to use fire,
other names: daletropus, cyatropus zoucoudian caves |
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Neanderthal (culture of fossil types)
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bury their dead, worship, first to have religion, hunting, enjoy music
sharnidar caves |
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homo sapiens (culture of fossil types)
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sculpturor, artist, hunter
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what showed that the Neanderthal man could use language?
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hyoid bone
epiglossal canal |
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tools homo sapiens use
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any tool that is retouched or sharpened (orichnacean)
truncated blades or saws composite tools |
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lake shore ape
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ananensis
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surprise
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gharti
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nutcracker ape/Boise ape
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zinjanthropus
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Lucy
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afarensis
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toumaiape
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sahelanthropus
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original man
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orrorin
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giant ape
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dryopithecus
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mammals
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breast feeding animals
warm blood young born through birth, not egg hatching 2legs/ 5 fingers+ toes/ nails/ grasps large brain dry or haplo-rhine nose 3D vision rods (black and white vision) cons (colored vision) |
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solutrean stone tool tradition
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thin, lofty, refined arrowheads that seemed to be made for aesthetics.
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