Anthropology

Front 1

o Prehensile hands-

Back 1

having a thumb, allowing for you to grab, all primates have. Also good for touching sense.
Human do not have mobile ankles and feet. Don’t have good grip anymore like most primates have

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• Homologies-

Back 2

traits that are shared among a group of organisms that they got from a common ancestor.

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• Analogies

Back 3

traits shared between two organisms but have nothing to do with genetics

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o Prosimians

Back 4

lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. smaller in general, extra incisors , grooming claws, rely on smell, nocturnal

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anthropoids

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monkeys and apes

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playtrrhines

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new world monkeys; smaller; howler monkeys; small broad noise; prehensile hands; 2-1-3-3; tropical rainforest in s.a

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 Hominoids

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larger, no tail, bigger, complex brain, longer infant dependency, longer lifespan;

Front 8

• Hylobatids

Back 8

gibbons; swing trees

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• Pongids-

Back 9

orangutans;big male/female diff.

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hominids-

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gorillas; biggg diff. male/female;, mostly eat leaves and terrestrial. Make nests in the trees. Chimps; difference in size btwn male and female, smaller than gorillas; humans

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• Adaptive Radiation-

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environmental change effected the food resource like an ice age changing the primates being available

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• Eocene(55-34 mya):

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prosimians; tropical environments,Larger brains, reduced snouts, arboreal, forward-facing eyes; 2-1-3-3 dental formula. There was a split of anthropoids and promisians during this period.

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• Oligocene(34-23 mya):

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• Split btwn catarrhine and new world monkeys occurs during this period in this area. age of the anthropoids; becomes more seasonal, early primates die bc of cold weather in northern countries

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o Fayum Primates (36-31 mya)-

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Africa; forward facing eyes, large brain, greater reliance on vision, very tropical, swampy, wet, little seasonal, arboreal, descendants of anthropoids, ate fruits, 50 diff genus of primates.

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• Miocene (23-5 mya)-

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age of homonoids- climate become more humid, wetter, tropical;

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o Early miocene (23-16 mya

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Proconsul ape- reduced snout, bigger brain and body, more forward facing eyes, 1st no tail; mostly found in Kenya

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o Middle Miocene proconsulids (16-5 mya)-

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last common ancestor btwn chimps and oranguatans

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• Ardipithecus ramidus-

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4.4 mya, definite changes to pelvis of bipedalism;

Front 19

• Sahelanthropus tchadensis-

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7-6 mya, the foramen magnum more under the skull, thicker teeth, starting to be more upright; found in CHAD

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• Orrorin tugennesis

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6 mya; femoral head is elongated; still climbed in the trees

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• Ardipithecus kadabba

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5.8-5.2 mya, found in ethiopia

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• Australopithhecus anamensis-

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the shape of the tibia is shock absorbed; huge back teeth with thick enamel, still have canines that are large

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• Australopithecus afarensis-

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3.8-3 mya; “Lucy” very clear spine curvature, broad pelvis; still had divergent big toe, but more inline

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• Australopithecus boisei-

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2-1 mya; evolved for chewing, huge back teeth and huge jaws

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• Austalopithecus africanus

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south African, 3.5-2 mya back teeth are bigger than afarensis

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• Australopirhecus robustus

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south Africa, 2-1 mya sagittal press, huge back teeth, little smaller than boisei;

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• Homo antecessor

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spain, 1.2 mya- 800 kya. Transient species between homo erectus and modern humans.

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• Homo heidelbergensis-

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700-200 kya; Africa, Europe, china; arched cranial head; human like back of the head; large face; possibly intermediate species.

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• Homo Floresiensis-

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midgit humans bc of environmental pressures

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• Homo Sapiens-

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high domed forehead; not as big of noses; reduction in the jaw; little brow ridge; originated in Africa, intermixing with other hominin species living in other areas; possible went to India and middle east and then Europe from Africa; mitochondrial DNA shows we originated in Africa.

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o Broad-specturm revolution-

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ice age ends and the large animals go extinct making humans go to another type of resource.

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• Denisovans-

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cousins of neaderthalensis 400,000 yrs ago; lived in asia; ppl from Melanesian have a large trait of this