Anthropology 2

Front 1

carrying capacity

Back 1

the ability of an environment to support a population

Front 2

What does cultural ecology stress?

Back 2

human adaption to the environment

Front 3

2 things cultural ecology examine

Back 3

1. how a population maintains itself

2. how and why the system change

Front 4

2 factors of getting energy

Back 4

1. food selection

2. actual manipulation of energy flow

Front 5

food desert

Back 5

An area that doesn't have grocery stores or offer fresh food

Front 6

optimal foraging theory

Back 6

A theory that foragers choose those species of plants and animals that have high calorie intake for hunting

Front 7

foraging

Back 7

hunting and gathering

Front 8

neolithic revolution

Back 8

a stage in human cultural evolution that switches from hunting and gathering to killing plants and animals

Front 9

locavore

Back 9

A person who is committed to eating foods grown locally in the community

Front 10

freegan

Back 10

basically dumpster divers

Front 11

horticulture

Back 11

small scale crop cultivation

Front 12

shifting cultivation

Back 12

Slash and burn method

Front 13

pastoralism

Back 13

a food getting strategy based on animal husbandry

Front 14

transhumance

Back 14

the movement pattern of pastoralists in which some of the men move livestock seasonally

Front 15

nomadism

Back 15

the movement pattern of pastoralists involving the periodic migration of human populations in search of food

Front 16

intensive agriculture

Back 16

intensive work on land with plows and draft animals

Front 17

industrialization

Back 17

a process resulting in the economic change from home production of goods to large scale mechanized factory production

Front 18

5 major food procurement categories

Back 18

1.food foraging

2. horticulture

3. pastoralism

4. Intensive agriculture

5. industrial agriculture

Front 19

economics

Back 19

a peoples system of production, distribution, and consumption of material goods and services

Front 20

what is the foundation of any economic system

Back 20

food getting

Front 21

Murdocks 5 economic modes

Back 21

1. collecting

2. hunting

3. fishing

4. animal husbandry

5. agriculture

Front 22

Polanyis 3 exchange mode

Back 22

1. redistribution

2. market

3. reciprocity

Front 23

What was the goal of the kula exchange

Back 23

to not accumulate wealth but to acquire respect

Front 24

economic anthropology

Back 24

a branch of anthropology that looks at systems of production, distribution, and consumption

Front 25

allocation of resources

Back 25

a society's regulation and control of such resources as land, water, and their by-products

Front 26

divisions of labor

Back 26

the assignment of day to day tasks to the various members of society

Front 27

reciprocity

Back 27

A mode of distribution characterized by the exchange of goods where there is equal values between both parties

Front 28

generalized reciprocity

Back 28

the practice of giving gift without expecting a gift in return

Front 29

balanced reciprocity

Back 29

the practice of giving a gift with the expectation that a similar gift will be given in the opposite direction

Front 30

negative reciprocity

Back 30

a form of economic exchange between individuals who try to take advantage of each other

Front 31

market exchange

Back 31

a mode of distribution in which goods and services are brought and sold and their value is determined by the principle of supply and demand

Front 32

barter

Back 32

the direct exchange of commodities between people that does not involve standardized currency

Front 33

3 reasons why hunters and gatherers maintain flexible or open borders

Back 33

1. hunters follow the migration patterns of animals

2. claiming a specific territory takes time

3.claimin territory can lead to confrontation

Front 34

role ambiguity

Back 34

confusion on how one is supposed to behave.

Front 35

exogamy

Back 35

a rule requiring outside of one's own social or kinship group

Front 36

endogamy

Back 36

a rule requiring marriage within a specified social or kinship group

Front 37

cross cousins

Back 37

children of new mothers brother or fathers sister

Front 38

Parallel Cousins

Back 38

childrens of ones mothers sister or fathers brother

Front 39

levirate

Back 39

the practice of a man marrying the widow of his deceased brother

Front 40

sororate

Back 40

the practice of a woman marrying the husband of her deceased sister

Front 41

monogamy

Back 41

the martial practice of having only one spouse at a time

Front 42

polygyny

Back 42

the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time

Front 43

Polyandry

Back 43

the marriage of a women to two or more men at the same time

Front 44

bridewealth

Back 44

the transfer of goods fro one grooms lineage to the brides lineage to legitimize marriage

Front 45

dowry

Back 45

goods or money transferred from the brides family to the groom to legalize marriage

Front 46

Consanguineal relatives

Back 46

ones biological or blood relative

Front 47

affinal relatives

Back 47

kinship ties formed through marriage

Front 48

fictive kinship

Back 48

relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations even though the relationships are not related

Front 49

kinship systems

Back 49

those relationships found in all societies that are based on blood or marriage

Front 50

matrilineal descent groups

Back 50

a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin connections through their mothers

Front 51

patrilineal descent groups

Back 51

a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin relationships through their fathers

Front 52

cognatic descent

Back 52

a form of descent traced through both females and males

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double descent

Back 53

rights are split between mother and fathers side

Front 54

ambilineal descent

Back 54

A form of descent in which a person chooses to affiliate with a kin group through either the male or the female line

Front 55

bilateral descent

Back 55

A type of kinship system in which individuals emphasize both their mothers kin and their fathers kin equally

Front 56

kindred

Back 56

all of the relatives a person recognizes in a bilateral kinship system

Front 57

patrilocal residence

Back 57

a residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the relatives of their husbands father

Front 58

reproductive technology

Back 58

recent developments

Front 59

8 principles of kinships

Back 59

1. generation

2. sex/gender

3. lineality versus collaterality

4. Consanguineal versus Affinal Kin

5. Relative Age

6. sec of the connecting relative

7. social condition

8. side of the family

Front 60

2 distinct types of the rules of descent

Back 60

1. unilineal descent

2. cognatic descent

Front 61

socialization

Back 61

the process of learning ones culture through their ways

Front 62

encultration

Back 62

same as socialization

Front 63

value

Back 63

anything that a group or society regards as desirable

Front 64

core value

Back 64

one that articulates and integrates all other ways

Front 65

conceived value

Back 65

what we say we value

Front 66

operative value

Back 66

what we actually say real behavior

Front 67

sanction

Back 67

any means for inducing compliance with societies expectations

Front 68

society

Back 68

an organized and enduring group of people who cooperate and interact with each other

Front 69

power

Back 69

the ability to influence the behavior of others or to influence the control over valued actions

Front 70

authority

Back 70

the right to control and to expect obedience

Front 71

3 aspects of politics

Back 71

1. public nature

2. goals of the group

3. power

Front 72

sexual asymmetry

Back 72

the universal tendency of women to be in a subordinate position in their social relationships with men

Front 73

genderlects

Back 73

linguistic differences in the way in which men and women may speak with their culture