Anthropology 112 Exam Review

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Agency

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The ability of humans to make choices and exercise free will even within dominating structures

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Academic anthropology

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Using previous research to expand knowledge about a topic and develop theoretical understandings

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Activist anthropology

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Use anthropological research to solve a real-world problem

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Applied anthropology

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the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals

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Biological determinism

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explains why people do and think what they do by considering biological factors

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cultural constructionism

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human behaviour and ideas are best explained as products of culturally shaped learning

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cultural materialism

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takes material features of life, such as the environment, natural resources, mode of livelihood, as the bases for explaining social organization

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cultural relativism

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each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of other cultures

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ethnocentrism

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judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture rather than by the standard of other cultures

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functionalism

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the theory that a culture is similar to a biological organism, in which parts work to support the operation and maintenance of the whole

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holism

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cultures are complex systems that cannot be fully understood without paying attention to their different components

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structurism

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the ability of humans to make choices and exercise free will even within dominating structures

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deductive approach

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research method that involves posing a research question (hypothesis), gathering data related to the question, and assessing the finding in relation to the original hypothesis

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emic

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insiders perceptions and categories and their explanation for why they do what they do

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ethnography

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a detailed description of a living culture based on personal observation and study

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etic

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outside analysis in studying culture

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inductive approach

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a research approach that avoids hypothesis in advance and takes its lead from the culture being studies

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multi-sited research

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fieldwork conducted in more than one location in order to understand the culture of dispersed members of the culture

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qualitative data

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non-numeric information

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quantitative data

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numeric information

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rapport

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a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population

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agriculture

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a mode of livelihood that involves growing crops on permanent plots with the use of plotting, irrigation, and fertilizer

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balanced exchange

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a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual equality in value

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consumerism

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mode of consumption that emphasizes simplicity, is characterized by few and finite consumer demands, and involves an adequate and sustainable means to achieve them

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expected reciprocity

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an exchange of approximately equally valued goods and services, usually between people roughly equal in social status

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extensive strategy

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form of livelihood involving temporary use of large areas of land and a high degree of spacial mobility

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foraging

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mode of livelihood based on resources that are available in nature through hunting, fishing, gathering (sustainable)

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generalized reciprocity

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exchange involving the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return

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horticulture

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mode of livelihood based on growing domesticated crops in gardens, using simple hand tools

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industrialism/informatics

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mode of livelihood in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation and movement of information through electronic media

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intensive strategy

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form of livelihood that involves continuous use of the same land and resources

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minimalism

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a mode of consumption that emphasized simplicity, is characterized by few and finite consumer demands and involves an adequate an sustainable means to achieve them

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mode of consumption

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dominant pattern in a culture of using up goods and services

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mode of exchange

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dominant pattern in a culture of transferring goods, services, and other items among people and groups

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mode of livelihood

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the dominant way of making a living in a culture

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redistribution

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a form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from any members of a group who then, at a later time and at a public event, "returns" the pooled goods to everyone who contributed

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unbalanced exchange

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a system of transfers in which one party attempts to make a profit

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amazon

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biologically female takes on a male gender role

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berdache

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blurred gender category, biologically male but takes on a female gender role

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demographic transition

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change from agricultural pattern of high fertility/high mortality to low fertility/low mortality

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infancide

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killing of an infant or child

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mode of reproduction

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predominant pattern of population change through the combined effect of fertility and mortality

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pronatalism

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an attitude or policy that encourages childbearing

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applied medical anthropology

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application of anthropological knowledge to further the goals of health-care providers

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community healing

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healing that emphasizes the social context as a key component and that is carried out within the public domain

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critical medical anthropology

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an approach with medical anthropology involving the analysis of how economic and political structures shape peoples health status

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disease

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biological health problem that is objective and universal

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ecological/epidemiological approach

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approach with medical anthropology that considers how aspects of the natural environment and social environment interact to cause illness

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ethno-etiology

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culturally specific cause for health problems and suffering

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illness

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biological health problems that is objective and universal

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phytotherapy

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healing through the use of plants

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somatization

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the process through which the body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms of suffering

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susto

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fright/shock disease, culture-specific illness found in Spain and Portugal and among Latino people wherever they live

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endogamy

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marriage within a particular group

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exogamy

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marriage outside a particular group

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achieved position

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a persons standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action

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ascribed position

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a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained

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primary group

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a social group in which members meet on a face-to-face basis

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secondary group

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a group of people who identify with one another on some basis but may never meet with one another personally

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social group

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a cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on groups other than kinship

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social stratification

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relationships among different groups as if they were arranged in layers

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authority

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the ability to take action based on a person's achieved or ascribed status or moral reputation

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big-man or big-woman system

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form of political organization midway between tribe and chiefdom and involving reliance on the leadership of key individuals who develop a political following through personal ties

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chiefdom

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form of political organization that permanently allied tribes and villages have one recognized leader

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corporate social responsibility

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business ethics that seek to generate profits for the corporation while avoiding harm to people and the environment

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critical legal anthropology

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examines the role of law and judicial processes

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moka

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strategy for developing political leadership in highland New Guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favours with individuals and sponsoring large feasts

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call system

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oral communication among nonhuman primates

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critical discourse analysis

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examines how power and social inequality are reflected and reproduced in communication

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critical media anthropology

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examines how power interests shape peoples access to media and influence the contents of its messages

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discourse

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culturally patterned verbal language

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displacement

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feature of human language whereby people are able to talk about events in the past and future

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ethnosemantics

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the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences

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khipu

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cords of knotted strings used during the Inca empire for recording events

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logograph

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a symbol that makes a difference for meaning in a spoken language

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phoneme

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a sound that makes a difference for meaning in a spoken language

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pidgin

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a contact language that blends elements of at least two languages that emerges when people with different languages need to communicate

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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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language determines thought

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sociolinguistics

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social position determines language

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acculturation

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form of cultural change where a minority culture becomes the dominant culture

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assimilation

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when a culture is acculturated and is no longer distinguishable as having a separate identity

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critical development anthropology

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when the anthropologist takes a critical thinking role and asks why and to whose benefit particular development policies and programs are pursued

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social capital

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resources existing in social ties, trust and cooperation

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traditional development anthropology

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anthropologist accepts the role of helping to make development work better by providing cultural information to planners