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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cultural Anthropology
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study of belief and behavior in modern and historical human populations
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Physical/biological Anthropology
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Study of human biology within the framework of evolution
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Archaeological anthropology
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Study of earlier cultures through their material remains
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linguistic anthropology
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Study of human speech ad language and its origins
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Evolution
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Change in the genetic make-up of a population
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Macroevolution
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Change in genetic makeup of a population over a long period of time that leads to a new species
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Microevolution
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Change in the general frequencies of traits in a population to the next
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Culture
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A set of learned behaviors that are passed on non-biologically
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Steps of Scientific Method
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1. Research 2. Observation 3. Developing Hypotheses 4. Research Design & Data collection 5. Analysis & Conclusion |
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Hypothesis
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An explanation of observed phenomena that can be tested BASED ON THE POTENTIAL TO FALSIFY
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Theory
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a hypothesis that has withstood repeated testing
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When did humans', apes', and monkeys' common ancestors live?
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Humans and Apes: 6-8 million years ago Humans, Apes and Monkeys: 20 million years ago |
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INFLUENCES ON DARWIN 1.Copernicus and Galileo |
Sun the center of the solar system
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INFLUENCES ON DARWIN 2. Discovery... |
... of physics and invention of scientific instruments (telescope, microscope)
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INFLUENCES ON DARWIN 3. John Ray and Linnaeus |
Categorized organisms based on reproductive isolation and standardized categories with binomial nomenclature.
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INFLUENCES ON DARWIN 4. Erasmus Darwin |
All life comes from one common ancestor
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INFLUENCES ON DARWIN 5. Jean-Baptiste Lamark |
Theory of Acquired Characteristics: An organism is born one way then changes a physical trait during lifetime which is passed down to offspring |
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INFLUENCES ON DARWIN 6. Georges Cuvier |
First to introduce idea of extinction Catostrophism: one major disaster wiped out all species except for those alive today |
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INFLUENCES ON DARWIN 7. Thomas Maithus |
Population size limited by limited resources
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INFLUENCES ON DARWIN 8. Charles Lyell (geologist) |
Uniformitarionism: Same processes of nature that occur in the present occurred in the past |
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Theory of Natural Selection [8 fundamental tenants) |
1. Biological Variation 2. Offspring produce faster than available resources 3. More offspring produced than can survive (competition) 4. Individuals with a favorable trait have an advantage (fitness) 5. Environment determines favorability 6. Traits have to be inherited 7. Over a long period of time favorable traits accumulate speciation 8. Geographic isolation |
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Adaptation
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Evolutionary shift in response to environmental change
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Reproductive fitness
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Having the most offspring that raise to reproductive age
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DNA
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Directs all cellular activity Made up of 2 chains of nucleotides (phosphate, sugar, base) |
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DNA Bases
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Adenine. <=>. Thymine. OR. uracil Cytokine <=>. Guanine |
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DNA Replication
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1. Enzymes break bond of bases 2. Free-floating nucleotides of DNA match to sides of DNA strand 3. Makes two exact copies of original DNA strand |
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3 Differences between DNA and RNA
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1. RNA is single stranded 2. Different sugar 3. Has the Uracil base instead of thymine |
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Proteins (def)
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Molecules that function to bind to other molecules
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Proteins (types)
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Enzymes: regulate chemical reactions Hemoglobin: binds to oxygen in blood Collagen: found in connective tissues Hormones: produced specific effects in tissues/organs |
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Protein synthesis
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1. Enzymes separate a portion of DNA temporarily 2. Free-floating RNA nucleotides match to DNA and form mRNA 3. mRNA breaks off and goes to ribosome 4. tRNA gets amino acid and brings it to mRNA 5. Amino acids bond together to form protein |
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Chromosomes
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Coiled DNA Humans have 46 (23 pair) 1-22= Autosomes: carry genetic info for physical traits 23= Sex chromosomes (xx female, xy male) |
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Mitosis
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Cell division
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Steps of Mitosis
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1. DNA Replication 2. Chromosomes line up in the center of nucleus 3. 2 pair of each chromosome pull towards each side of nucleus 4. Cell starts to pinch down the center 5. Cell completely separates into 2 new cells |
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Meiosis
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Cell division of sex cells |
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Steps of Meiosis
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1.Mitosis 2. 1 copy of each chromosome moves to the side of nucleus 3. Cell membrane and nuclear membrane pinch down the center 4. 4 cells are created, each with 23 chromosomes |
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Differences of Mitosis and Meiosis
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Mitosis ends with 2 cells with 46 chromosomes each Meiosis ends in 4 cells with 23 chromosomes each |
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Trisomy
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3 copies of same chromosome, leads to Downs Syndrome
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