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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Holism
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A characteristic of the anthropological perspective that describes, at the highest and most inclusive level, how anthropology tries tointegrate all that is known about humans and their activities, with the resultthat the whole is understood to be greater than the sum of its parts. |
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4 subject fields of Anthropology
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biological, cultural, linguistic, and archeology. |
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Applied anthropology
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draws on information provided by the other 4 fields(biological, cultural, linguistic, and archeology)
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Case study-Go Gurt
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Go gurt- studied how families eat breakfast and noticed that no one has timeto make breakfast so she created go gurts that are a fast simple way to eatbreakfast on the go.(Susan)
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Human Terrain Project
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This is when anthropologists went to the Middle East dressed as military personal togather information on the culture. This was seen as wrong because people weresaying that the information that they gathered could be used against them.
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Early figures in understanding/explainingculture
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Tylor,Henry Morgan (Used Unilinear), Franz Boas (Father of American Anthropology),Ruth benedict, Margret Mead, Marvin Harris, Clifford Geertz.
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Characteristics of culture
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learned, shared, patterned, adaptive, and symbolic |
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How is culture learned/ transmitted
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Passed from one generation to the next. Inherited from pastmembers. |
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Universality in culture
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Every culture has the same things but each is different Ex: Celebrations
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Culture relativism
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Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough that theculture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living.
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Human rights and culture rights
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Humans rights is based on justice and morality. Cultural rights is based on religious,ethnic minority and indigenous society
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Ethnography
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Means culture writing, Provides a firsthand detaileddistribution of a living culture (based on first hand research) |
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Ethnology
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study of a focused topic in more than one culture (uses Ethnography material)
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Participation observation
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Leaning about for an extended period to give an in-depthperspective of local life. |
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Etic
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Quantitative. Data collected according to the OUTSIDER researchers. Goal: to test hypothesis (preferred by a cultural materialist) |
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Emic
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(Qualitative) Seeks to understand about what INISDERS say and understand abouttheir culture, their categories of thinking. (Inductive-Not hypotheses driven)*Preferred by interpretistis
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Quantitative data
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Statistics and demographics |
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Positivism
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Explains how the world works through science
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Reflexivity
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Thinking about thinking (Takes into account a broader range of contextual information)
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Napoleon Chagnon
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known for his ethnographic work with the Yanomao(the fierce people) |
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Changnon and Yanomao
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Changnon spent years going back and forth and began to bring items/tools that the Yanomao began to relay on. |
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Relationship between capitalism and colonialism: |
Capitalism: Economic system dominated by the market Colonialism:Cultural domination with enforced social change; grew out of the drive forexpanded capitalism |
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Fur trade
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Ingenious groups traded with colonists
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What were the effects of the North American fur trade?
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Limited participation because of over exploitation of beaver and altered cultural behaviors (of the ingenious people) that couldn’t be reversed |
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Edward b Tylor
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Father of anthropology, believed that culture was complex and used it as a synonym for civilization |
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Lewis henry Morgan
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Ethical periods, responsible for Unilinear evolution civilization
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Franz Boas
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Father of American anthropology, Emphasized cultural relativism |
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Ruth benedict
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1st female professor of anthropology |
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Margaret mead
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Studied enculturation and its effect on puberty (coming of age in samoa) –believed psychological changes areculturally conditioned
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Marvin Harris
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influential in the development of cultural materialism
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Clifford geertz
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Clifford Geertz- Partially responsible Post-modernism,“violence as a cultural system” |
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Unilinear evolution
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3 main components (savagery, barbarism, civilization) – classical social evolution “each society progresses through the samestages” and Believed only Europeans had reached civilization. |
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Basis for unilinear evolution:
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Cultural materialist approach, believed “lower were less evolved”
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Historical particularism
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critiqued of Unilinear evolution- fought against racism and biological determinism (Franz boas) Argued that differences populations are due to culture not race
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Cultural materialism
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(Marvin Harris)- a scientific research strategy that prioritizes material.
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Post modernism
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(no true objectivity) reality is subjective and scientific inquiry only relays partial truths, Addresses agency, power and gender(Clifford Geertz) |
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Communication
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Conveying a meaningful message from one person or inset to another |
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Language
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form of communication that is based on a set of learnedand shared symbols and signs |
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Sapir-Whorfhypothesis
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Different languages produce different patterns of thought (determines how we see the world and behave) |
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Sociolinguistichypothesis
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Social position determines the correct meaning and form oflanguage (language shapes culture and culture shapes language) |
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Semantics
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Study of meaning
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Pragmatics
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Words in a cultural context (context contributes to meaning) |
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Origins of writing
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Developed in the millennium BCE (7000 years ago) in thenearest East First functional as accounting systems |
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Productivity
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Ability to create an infinite range of understandablemessages (“google it") |
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Displacement
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ability to refer to an event in the past and future (ex:Grandma is coming to visit us next week) |
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Sounds
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Phonetics: the study of phonemes (sound differences that convey different meaning)
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Lexicon/Vocabulary
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Studyof meaning (semantics) of words in a particular cultural context (pragmatics)
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Syntax/grammar
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Rules for using words (sentence structure)
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Inequality and language
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Critical disclosure of language: focus of power andinequality in language Gender codes |
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Gender codes
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Key differences in words, intonation, meaning and grammar |
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Effects of globalization in langauge
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Continued decline of indigenous and small language (through loss of speakers)
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Processof language extinction
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Language shift decay: speakers have limited vocabulary Language extinction:Endangerment (less than 10,000 speakers) there are no longer component users ofthe languages Language revitalization: Bringing back the language |
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Ethno semantics
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Different words to use for the variety of same object- how people relate concepts to each other
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Identity
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Features and traits that make an individual, what makes you, you.(it can shift withsituational contexts and audiences) |
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Status
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Position held by people in any society |
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Achieved status
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Social positions people attain later in life often as a result of their own effort.
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Ascribed status
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Social positions people are assigned at birth.
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Ethnicity
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A principle of social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion, or dress.Ethnicity emerges from historical processes that incorporate distinct socialgroups into single political structure under conditions of inequality. |
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Ethnic group
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Social groups that are distinguished from one another on thebasis of ethnicity. |
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Ethnic conflict
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Conflict between groups often is the result of discrimination and prejudice (politics is oftenintertwined) |
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Ethnic cleansing
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removal of groups who are culturally different (oftenthrough genocide if they do not leave) |
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Race
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A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspondto a distinct set of biological attributes. (Culturally constructed not abiological fact) |
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One drop rule
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having just one drop of blood 1/32nd from AfricanAmerican /African American..Etc. ancestors that associates them with that “race” |
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Hypodescent
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Track the descent of a person using the genetic heritage ofminority group (ignores other sides) |
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Biological means of human variation
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Classification based on a biological basis, humans differ inphysical features and genetics |
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Multiculturalism
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cultural mixing, coexistence of multiple culture groups
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Assimilation
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dropping of your own culture to completely adopt another culture (everyone has common identity) |
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Howis culture expressed through art?
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Art can be a commentary for the real world, it can challenge authority and cultural norm, can undermine political order
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Whatdo play and leisure actives reveal about culture?
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Area of expressive culture related to what people do for fun, reinforces cultural identity |
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Sport
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A physically exertive activity that is aggressively competitive withinconstraints imposed by definitions and rules
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Rituals
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Repetitive social practice composed of a sequence ofsymbolic activities such as dance, song, speech, gestures or the manipulationof objects. (Connected to a specific setof ideas that are often encoded in myth) |
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How is expressive culture changing in contemporary times? |
Globalization brings new materials,new technology, new ideas, and new styles to many parts of the world Much change is influenced by Western culture through globalization |
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Riteof passage
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A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transforming of individual from onesocial position to another
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Liminality
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Ambiguous transitional phase of a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside of their ordinarysocial positions. |
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3stages of liminality
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Separation, Transition, Reaggregation
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Separation
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form old social position
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Transition
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No longer in old or new position |
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Reaggregation
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Reintroduced into society in as a new position |
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Religion vs spirituality |
Religion: is organized, has different groups,hierarchies and collective action Spiritually: is attachment to religious causesand experience of those religious values. |
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Types of religion
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Shamanism,communal religions, Olympian and monotheism
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Shamanism
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magic religious practioners enter trances
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Communalreligions
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Based on community ritual
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Olympian
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State religions with professional priesthoods |
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Monotheism
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worship of a single supreme being |
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Mythsvs doctrines
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myths are abstract (include stories, message ect) doctrines are rules(ex= Quran)
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Magic
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A set of supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims. |
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Magic vs religion
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Magiccompels super natural, Religion pleases the super natural
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Religious specialists
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Shaman, priest, Diviner and prophet |
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Rituals
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(Social acts) Convey information about participants and their culture
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Totemism
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use nature as a model for society
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Ghostdance
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(1889) religious movement incorporated into numerousNative American belief systems. |
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Social change
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Leaders have used religion to promote/justify theirviews/polices. |
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Revitalization movement
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Social movements that occur in times of change. |
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5most popular religions
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Hinduism,Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam
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Hinduism
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India(mostly) Text:4 Vedas, Many gods, variety of scared sites
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Buddhism
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Goalis to achieve nirvana, No accepted text, stemmed from Hinduism
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Judaism
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Text; torah-5 books of moses, 1 god,
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Christianity
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largest, text: bible, teaching of Jesus
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Islam
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Young and second largest , teaching of Muhammad, text: Quran
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5 Modes of livelihood |
Forging (Hunter gathers) Horticulture Pastoralism Agriculturist Industrialism & Information age |
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Key features forging (hunter gathers)*
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Nature (Food is available in nature) Involves gathering plants, fishing hunting Men-Hunt Women-Gather Maintains balance between resources and lifestyle Sustainable if undisturbed by outside forces
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Key feathers of Horicultures
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Growing crops in gardens; Using hand tools, Croups yield support for denser populations than forging and allow mostly for permanent settlement, Following non-use of land- required for sustainability |
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Key features of Pastoralism |
Reliance in animals(Provides ½ of their diet) Trade with other groups to secure foods and good they can produce Requires movement of animals? Level of wealth and political organization varies from group to group |
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Key features of agriculturist |
Intense strategy of production Labor, use of fertilizers, control,water supply, use of animals Involves indigenous knowledge |
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Key features for industrialism and information age
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Increased labor Increased reliance of fertilizers and pesticide control and treatment of water supply High exploitation of animals Involves global market, permeant settlement Extremely high in population density |
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Economic systems |
Production, consumption and distribution |
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Production- |
Labor to modify goods, resources or info
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Consumption: |
using good and services, spending to get goods
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Distribution: |
the way goods are dispersed within a community
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Exchange: |
Transferring foods and services
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Generalized reciprocity: |
Shared with groups, No social status gained (does have effect on mates), good hunter sharing a lot has many male friends
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Balanced reciprocity- |
Maintains pattern of peaceful contact and communication, reinforces status and authority
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Negative reciprocity: |
gambling, theft exploitation, ricks are accepted, allows theft, promotes cheating
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Leveling mechanisms: |
unwritten rules; culturally embedded to prevent an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful
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Potlatch: |
Competive giveaway (practiced by northwest tribes) Involves a huge feast where guests are invited to eat and receive gifts Purpose: redistribution and reciprocity of wealth |
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Market exchange: |
Exchange of products for representational currency
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Capitalism:
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Individual gain
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Ongka’s Big Moka: |
Onka- tribe leader (used persuasion as a leader), horticulturist Moka had four wives but his favorite wife took all the burden Purpose: Giving the “moka” to an individual
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redistribution
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Collection of good and prestige items to be given away to other members of the culture (bragging) |
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Power: |
the ability to bring about results, often through force
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Authority: |
Right to take certain forms or action, mutually recognized
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Influence: |
Ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social and moral pressure
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5 Socio-political systems: |
Bands, tribes, big woman/Big man, Chiefdoms, State
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Bands- |
Emerged with hunter gatherers, forging groups, populations 2- a few hundred people, familiarity, flexible membership, leader is first among equals, leader has influence, perhaps authority but NO power
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Bands and power roles: |
Not in any formal sense Leadership is not formalized No marks of membership Bands DO make decisions as a group
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Tribes: |
Emerged with horticulturists and pastoralism
Leadership combines achieved and ascribed status Leader or council resolves conflict Leader/Council relies on influence and authority SOMETIMES power |
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Tribes:
3 levels of political organization: |
Subtribe Tribe Confederacy |
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Big man/women: |
Tribes and chiefdom Personality, favor based political grouping Carry responsibilities in regulating internaland external affairs of a village Leadership is mainly achieved Has influence |
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Chiefdom |
Emerged pastoralism and agriculture Under 1 leader; someone must always be in power Socially complex Heritable systems of social rank and economic stratification Achievement is measured in terms of personal leadership skills, charisma and wealth |
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Confederacies:
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Formed when chiefdoms are joined
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States: |
emerged with agriculture Centralized political unit Encompasses many communities Leader possess coercive power Members don’t know other member on a face to face bias
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States and power roles: |
Monopolize use of force to maintain law and order
Define citizenship, rights and responsibilities, Keep track of citizens, Tax, social services, Enforcement, currency |
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Social control: |
Process of maintain function of a social system via regulation of norms and mitigation of conflict (beliefs, practices and institutions)
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Inuit conflict resolution |
(**Bands): Make economic role in society resulted in male deaths and too many females; leading to an imbalance, males would have more than one wife (prestige), conflicts over wife stealing led to blood feuds(no official government existed)
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Qashqai- |
(Pastoralists): made up of a number of tribes and sub-tribes Tribe leader- the il-khan
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Iroquois confederacy
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(**chiefdoms): 5 Major Native American populations came together because of threat of American colonies.
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Aggression: |
Form of social behaviors in animals, Set of innate actions/Behaviors
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Violence: |
Gives meaning to aggression, needs witnesses, victim, needs cultural meaning
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Etic/Emic aspects in violence:
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culturally interpreted, what may be violence to one culture many not be to another. It is difficult to balance between Universal human rights (Etic) and the inside(emic) lived experience
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Somatic: Trauma- |
Physical harm/change to body or brain
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Direct violence- |
Physical abuse of and individual with intent to harm them (ex: one husband beats one wife), Horrific, brutal, we notice/respond to it
What is unique about Structural violence: Hard to see, becomes normalized, dehumanizes people, built into society (invisibly embedded), and includes all problems in the world today due to social injustice or inequality (ex: poverty) |
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Structural violence- |
the laws social programs, socio-political system and economic system of a community (Ex: 1000 husbands beat 1000 wife’s)
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Cultural/Ritual violence- |
Make direct and structural violence look and feel ok
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Change in violence rates:
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Studies show we are living in the least violent times.Things such as slavery, human sacrifice, death penalty..etc were a part ofdaily life for human history. |
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Why doesn’t it feel like we are declining? |
Mass media, instant news, we are living longer, not useful in combating the violence that does exist today
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Violence as a cultural concept: |
Clifford Geertz: Interpretation of culture, most violence is culturally sanctioned and isn’t disapproved or considered deviant, most violence is applauded
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Cultural/ social meaning/symbolism in violent acts: |
without culture we wouldn’t know how we feel
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Antimodernist
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Rejection of modern life in favor of what is perceived as an earlier purer and better way of life.
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fundamentalism
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Anti-Modernist-seek to rescue religion absorption
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Qualitative data |
Descriptive felid (Search for cultural things), narratives, myths, stories, songs..etc.
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Evolution of humans and relation to the development of culture
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Sexual selection marriage maintains ties with offspring language identity |
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levi-strauss
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founded structuralism 3 components- infrastructure (technology) structure (domestic andpolitical economies) super structure- non-material culture) |
