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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paleoanthropological approach
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-Dating of the site
-The paleoecology of the site -Any archeological traces of behavior -Any anatomical evidence of hominid remains |
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Difference between relative and chronological dating
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Relative-Dating determines how old or young an object is.
Chronological- provides an estimate in years. |
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Straitgrapghy
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Study of sequential layering of deposits
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Biostratigraphy
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Using known faunal sequences to aid in determining the relative age of particular stratigraphic layers.
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Paleomagnetism
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Dating method based on the shifting of the geomagnetic pole.
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Fluorine analysis
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Ground water contains fluorine; the longer a bone is deposited the more fluorine it will contain.
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Chronometric dating
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Based on the phenomenon of the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes.
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Molecular clock
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differences in DNA and use constant mutation rate to calculate divergence times or species.
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DNA hybridization
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Test the strength of the bond between DNA strands from two different species.
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Anatomical modifications
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-Lengthening of hind limb
-Rounded pelvis shape -Inward angling of the femur -Increased spinal curvature -Realignment of the big toe -Repositioning of the foramen magnum |
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Major figures and events of paleoanthropology
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Big Brain evolved first
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Different thoughts on origin of man
who was right? |
COME BACK
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Why was bipedality selected?
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-More efficient travel between trees
-Heat dissipation -Carrying things -Reaching up into small trees -Moving while picking fruit Seeing over savannah |
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Fossils
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The preserved remains or traces of once living things
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Taphonomy
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The study of how bones and other materials came to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils.
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Context
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Environmental setting where an archeological trace is found
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Mosaic evolution
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Different systems evolve at different rates.
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Paleoenvironment
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COME BACK
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Basial Hominids
-Cranium |
-450cc
-Prognathic face -Transitioal foramen magnum |
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Basal Hominids
-Dentition |
-Thick enamel
-Large canines, shearing premolar, diastema |
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Basal Hominids
-Postcrania |
-Long arms & fingers
-Femur biped-like |
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Basal Hominids
-Culture? |
No evidence
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Gracile Australopithecines
-Cranium |
-450cc
-Fairly prognathic face -Foramen magnum anterior |
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Gracile Australopithecines
-Dentition |
-Large canines, large front teeth
-Thick enaml -Mix of U-shaped and parabolic mandibles |
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Gracile Australopithecines
-Postcrania |
-Small body size(3.5-4.5 feet)
-Arms and fingers still fairly long -Humerus not weight-bearing -Pelvis rounded -Tibia & femur bipedal |
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Gracile Australopithecines
-Culture? |
No evidence (chimp like?)
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Gracile Australopithecines
-Ancestral traits |
-Small brain
-Low cranium -Prognathic face -Long curving fingers -Possibly |
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Gracile Australopithecines
-Derived |
-Smaller front teeth
-Larger molars -Dental arcade in between U and parabolic -reduced canines -Bipedal |
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Robust Australopithecines
-Cranium |
-450cc
-"Dish shaped" face -Foramen magnum -Large brow ridges -Post orbital constriction -Large sagittal crest -Large flaring zygomatic arches |
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Robust Australopithecines
-Dentition |
-Small thick teeth, enormous molars
-Very thick enamel -Mandible large and deep |
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Robust Australopithecines
-Postcrania |
-Similar body size to graciles
-Same bipedal features |
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Robust Australopithecines
-Culture? |
No evidence. (Chimp like?)
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Homo habilis
-Cranium |
-500-800cc
-Gracile skull -Reduction in prognathism |
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Homo habilis
-Dentition |
-Gracile dentition
-Reduction in canines, small molars |
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Homo habilis
-Postcrania |
-Similar body size to austra
-Same bipedal features -Extreme sexual dimorphism |
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Homo habilis
-Culture |
-Oldowan tools
-Scavenging, not hunting |
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How can we tell if habilis was a scavenger?
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-Cut marks on bones
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Homo erectus/ergaster
-Cranium |
-750-1250cc
-Long, low skull -Large brow ridge -Sagittal "keel" -Thick cranial bones -Broadest part of skull at base -Occipital torus -Nasal bone |
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Homo erectus/ergaster
-Dentition |
-"shovel-shaped" incisors
-Modern-looking dentition |
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Homo erectus/ergaster
-Postcrania |
-Increase in body size (5-6 feet)
-"fully bipedal" stride |
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Climate during Homo erectus/ergaster period
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Ice age
Sea levels lowered, exposing land bridges |
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Homo erectus/ergaster
-Culture |
-Acheulean tools (hand axes)
-Hunting and scavenging -Control of fire but not making it -Use of caves? |
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Early archaic genus Homo
-Cranium |
-Cranial capacity increase
-Thinner cranial bones -Skull expansion across parietals "globular" shape |
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Early archaic genus Homo
-Dentition |
-Essentially modern
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Early archaic genus Homo
-Postcrania |
-Robust bodies
-Essentially modern postcrania |
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Early archaic genus Homo
-Culture |
-Continued use of Acheulean tools
-Levallois technique -cultural variation in stone tool -definite hunting -use of varied food sources |
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Homo Floresiensis
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-400cc
-Associated with tools -Endocast -Diseased modern? -Island dwarfism? |
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Neanderthalensis
-Cranium |
-1300-1400cc
-Large, long, low skull, bulging at sides -Occipital "bun" -Large, arching browridges -Midfacial prognathism |
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Neanderthalensis
-Dentition |
-Unusual incisor wear
-Retromolar gap |
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Neanderthalensis
-Postcrania |
-Extremely robust, large body size
-Shorter, robust limbs, powerful muscles -Barrel chested |
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Neanderthalensis
-Culture |
-Settlements: use of caves, mammoth bones
-Abundant use of fire -Hunting large mammals -Burials -Use of clothing -Mousterian tools -Care for disabled & elderly |
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Homo sapiens
-Cranium |
-1350cc
-High forehead -Thin cranial bones -Reduced brow ridges |
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Homo sapiens
-Dentition |
-Smaller teeth
-Chin |
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Homo sapiens
-Postcrania |
-Less robust
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Homo sapiens
-Culture |
-Burials
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AMH
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-Hunting large game, long range weapons
-First symbolic are, Cave paintings -Sewn clothing, better shelters |
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Complete Replacement model
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-Origin of modern humans in Africa
-Later replacement of all populations in Europe and Asia -Predicts sapiens fossils in Africa first -mtDNA evidence |
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Regional Continuity mode
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-Local populations--> from archaics to moderns
-AMH are not a separate species from archaics -Regional lineages |
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Partial Replacement model
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-African early archaics evolve into AMH(150kya)
-Dispersal from S. Africa due to environmental causes, gradual -In Eurasia hybridization and replacement |
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Anatomical correlates
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-Hyoid bone
-Hypoglossal canal -Broca's area |
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Hypoglossal canal
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-Contains the nerve that controls the tounge movements
-Correlated with language ability |
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How much of language relies on biology?
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Grammer?
-Not innate -Not necessarily unique to human -Grammer emerges from interactions between users of the language |
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Genetic maker of language
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FoxP2 gene
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Biocultural evolution
-Nutrution |
Amino acids required in human nutrition reflects an ancestral diet high in animal protein.
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Biocultural evolution
-Overpopulation |
Human population increases worldwide at an annual rate of about 1.8%
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Biocultural evolution
-Extinction |
250mya- result of climatic changes and the creation of on supercontinent.
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Accelerated evolution
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-Infectious diseases-resistant to antibiotics
-Insects-Use of insecticides has resulted in many becoming resistant. |
