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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Band
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fairly small, usu nomadic local group that is politically autonomous
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Chiefdom
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political unit, chief at head, integrating more than one community but not necessarily the whole society or language group
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Tribe
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territorial population in which there are kin or nonkin groups with representatives in a number of local groups
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State
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autonomous political unit with centralized decision making over many communities with power to govern by force (texes, draft, make laws). Most have cities with public buildings, full time craft and religious specialists. an "official" art style, a hierarchical social structure topped byu an elite class, and a gov'tal monopolu on the legit use of force to implement policies
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Warfare
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violence between political entities such as communities, districts, or nations
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Class
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category of people who have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige
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class societies
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societies containing social groups that have unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige
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Clines (see human variation)
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gradual increasing or decreasing frequency of a gene from one end of a region to another; study of how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically
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Ethnicity
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group of ppl emphasizing common orogins and language, shared history, and selected aspects of cultural difference such as a difference in religion. Varies based on who is defining it, inside or outside the group.
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Caste
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ranked group, often associated with a certain occupation--membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own caste.
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Power
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ability to make ppl do what they do not want to do or influence based on the threat of force
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Prestige
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Being accorded particular respect or honor
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Race/racism
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subpopulation or variety of a species. All can reproduce and have viable offspring. belief, w/o scientific basis, that some
"races" are inferior to others |
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Egalitarian societies
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all ppl of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige
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Rank societies
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≠ have any unequal access to economic resources or power, but with social groups that have unequal access to status positions and prestige
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Gender differences
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dif btw males and females that reflect cultural expectations and experiences
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Matrilineal descent
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affiliates individuals with kin of both sexes related to them through women only
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Lineage
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set of kind whose members trace descent from a common ancestor through known links
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Rules of descent
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connect individuals with particular sets of kin bc of known or presumed common ancestry
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Exogomy
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rule specifying marriage to a person from outside one's own group (kin or community)
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Polyandry
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marriage of woman to more than one man at a time
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polygamy
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plural marriage; one individual is married to to more than one spouse simultaneously (polygyny and polyandry)
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neolocal residence
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married couple lives separately from both the kin of both spouses
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patrilocal residence
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married couple lives with or near husband's parents
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bride service
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work performed by the groom for the bride's family for a variable length of time either before or after the marriage
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sex differences
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typical differences btw females and males that are most likely due to biological differences
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patrilineal descent
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affiliates individuals with kin of both sexes related to them through men only
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unilineal descent
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affiliation with a group of kin through descent links of one sex only
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ego
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in the reckoning of kinship, the reference point or focal person
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endogamy
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have to marry someone in your group (kin, caste, community)
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monogamy
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marriage between only one man and only one woman at a time
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polygyny
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marriage of one man to more than one woman at a time
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marriage
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socially approved sexual and economic union, usu btw a man and a woman, that is presumed, both by the couple and by others, to be more or less permanent, and that subsumes reciprocal rights and obligations btw the two spouses and their future children
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matrilocal residence
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married couple lives with or near wife's parents
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Bride price, bride wealth
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substantial gift of goods or money given to a bride's kin by the groom or his kin at or before marriage
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nuclear family
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married couple and young children
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Ascribed statuses
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ones in which we have little choice (e.g., age, sex, family of birth).
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Achieved statuses
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attained during one’s lifetime and generally tied to our actions.
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Egalitarian
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ocieties with as many positions of social status as persons to fill them within a particular age/sex group (e.g., food collectors and horticulturalists).
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Inegalitarian
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stratified (tiered) societies with fewer status positions than persons able to fill them (e.g., ranked, class, and caste systems).
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social identities
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an aspect of self that makes a difference in how one's rights and duties distribute to specific others
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