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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Holistic
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multifaceted (study of humans...environment, family, language, religion, art,dress, etc.)
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Biological anth
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human paleontology, aka paleoanthropology=emergence of humans and their later varation;
human variation=how and why contemporary populations vary biologically |
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primatology
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study of primates
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hypothesis
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a testable proposition about a natural phenomenon; predictions of what might be found
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primates
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our closest mammal relative (prosimians, monkeys, apes)
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explanation
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answer to "why" questions
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statistical association
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observed relationship is unlikely to be due to chance
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variables
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things or quantities that vary
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evolution
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change (social or biological)
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paleoanthropology, human paleontology
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emergence of humans and their later evolution
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anthropology
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holistic study of humans, all people, all periods, traits, customs
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falsification
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shows that a theory seems to be wrong
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primatologists
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scientists who study primates
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theory
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explanation of laws and statistical associations
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How does anth differ from other fields of study?
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all varieties of people, not just ones nearby; all periods; holistic
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major subfields of anth
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biological and cultural
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adaptive
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(advantageous) result in greater reproductive success in a particular environment
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deduction
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hypothesis generated before data are collected, then test
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induction
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data about subject are freely collected with no preconceived ideas; data then used to generate an hypothesis
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How does the scientific method work?
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-make observations about something tangible
-hypothesis -test -analyze -propose and test hypothesis if necessary |
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chromosome
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paired rod-shaped structures w/in a cell nucleus containing the genes that transmit traits from one generation to the next
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phenotype
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observable physical appearance of organism
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genus
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group of related species
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mutation
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change in DNA, producing altered gene
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genetic drift
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various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations
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Charles Darwin
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English naturalist, HMS Beagle, suggested natural selection
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HMS Beagle
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Darwin's boat he traveled the world in collecting info
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Jean Baptist Lamarck
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Law of inheritance and acquired characteristics; individuals respond to environment
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Georges du Buffon
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life is disorderly and chaotic; recognized relationship between environment and living forms; change during lifetime; fixity of species
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allele
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one member of a pair of genes
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genotype
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total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism
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Cline
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gradually increasing (or decreasing) frequency of a gene from one end of a region to another
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species and speciation
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species: population that consists of organisms able to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring; speciation: development of new species
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Gene flow
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mating btw populations
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natural selection
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outcome of processes that affect the frequencies of traits in a particular environment--traits enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time
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DNA
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID; 2-stranded molecule in the genes that directs the makeup of an organism according to the instructions in its genetic code
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Carolus Linnaeus
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taxonomy of living species; structure and form; fixity of species; classification and nomenclature
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taxonomy (system of relationships)
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classification of organisms
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key points in Darwinian evolution
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-more offspring born than can survive
-offspring exhibit variation (not all same, but resemble parent generation) -some variations better suited for survival -competition btw offspring over limited resources-->differential survival (and later reproduction) in favor of better suited -changes in species happen at slow and gradual rate (transitional forms) |
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anthropoid
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one of two suborders of primates; includes monkeys, apes, humans
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hominoid
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group of catarrhines that includes both apes and humans
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bipedalism
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animal walks on 2 hind legs
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arboreal
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adapted to living in trees
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terrestrial
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adapted to living on the ground
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quadrupeds
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animals that walk on all 4s
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diastema
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gap between the canine and first premolar found in apes
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opposable thumbs
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thumb that can touch the tips of all the other fingers
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sexual dimorphism
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marked difference in size and appearance btw males and females of a species
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prosimian
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literally "pre-monkey" one of the 2 suborders of primates; lemurs, lorises, tarsiers
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hominids
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the group of hominoids consisting of humans and their direct ancestors. contains at least 2 genera: Homo and Australopithecus
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brachiation
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swinging through trees hand to hand
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insectivores
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mammals who are adapted to eat insects...moles and shrews
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prehensile
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adapted for grasping objects
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omnivore
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eat both vegetation and meat
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diurnal
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Active during the day
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nocturnal
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Active during the night
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