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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
John Ray
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Noticed that different plants & animals could be distinguished by the animals/species they interacted with, as well as which they could breed with.
Came up with categories for species and genus. |
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William Paley
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Refined John Ray’s ideas
Noticed adaptations; Noted that things couldn’t evolve or change naturally, thought to be higher power? |
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Georges Cuvier
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French Paleontologist
Introduced the concept of extinction to explain the disapearance of animals represented by fossils. Insisted on the fixity of species. Developed idea of catastrophism |
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Described the same evolution process as Darwin
Drove Darwin to write a paper describing his theory on Natural Selection. |
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What is the "Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics"?
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Principle that positive traits will be passed through heredity, whereas less desirable traits will cease to exist.
Ex: Lamarck's idea on Giraffes. o Use/disuse |
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Sherwood Washburn
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American physical anthropologist and pioneer in the field of primatology
Wrote the "New Physical Anthropology" thus creating a monumental paradigm shift |
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Catastrophism
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The belief that the earth's geological features are the results of sudden, worldwide cataclysmic events.
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Uniformitarianism
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The theory that the earth's features are the result of long-term processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past.
This theory opposed catastrophism and contributed strongly to the concept of immense geological time. |
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Science
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A body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.
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Hypothesis
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A provisional explanation of a phenomenon.
Hypothesis require verification or falsification through testing. |
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Early Anthropological focus
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Predominant ideology that all forms and relationships were static.
Previously, the focus on where humans came from and how to define "human" Paradigm shifted to more holistic study. |
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New Anthropology
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A more holistic approach which looks at all things and there interactions to deduce understanding.
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Sections of Physical Anthropology (5)
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Paleoanthropology
Primatology Skeletatal Biology (Osteology) Human Biology Forensic Anthropology *Overlapping subfields, e.g. Biocultural or Nutritional |
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Primatology
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Study of non-human primates:
-Evolutionary history -Adaptation -Social behavior |
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Paleoanthropology
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Anatomical & behavioral human evolution
Both fossil and environmental behavior |
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Skeletal Biology
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Osteology
Human skeleton Interpretation of remains Growth & developement Paleopathology |
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Human Biology
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Human adaptation/biological variation
ex: high altitude/cold adapation OR growth & developement |
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Forensic Anthropology
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Application of Anthropology to law
ex: ID of remains, mass dissasters |
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Term "Anthropology" first used
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1800
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Anthropology added to Natural History Museum in Paris
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1839
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Washburn publishes "New Physical Anthropology"
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1951
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Comete de Buffon
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Argued for an older earth (75k yrs)
Sighted cooling of iron and noted the variation |
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Modern Evolutionary Theory
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The modern synthesis:
Both mutation and natural selection contribute to biological variation. |
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Evolution
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Is a change in allele frequency in a population over time.
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Evolutionary time-frames
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Microevolution: changes over one generation to the next, occurs within species
Macroevolution: changes produced over many generations. Results in appearance of a new species |
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Taxonomy
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Science of classification
Today’s system developed by Linnaeus Hierarchy of categories Physical features Evolutionary relationships |
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Gradistic
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• Both evolutionary relationships and ecological relationships
• Retained primitive traits |
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Cladistic
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• Evolutionary relationships
• Shared derived traits |
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Ancestral trait
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o Trait inherited by a group of organisms from a distant common ancestor
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Shared derived trait
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Trait in a group of organisms from recent common ancestor
*Most useful evolutionary relationships |
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Clade
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Lineage that shares a common ancestor
Example: chimps/bonobos split from humans |
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Homology
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Similarity of traits resulting from shared ancestry
Example: shared humenus, ulna, radius |
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Analogy
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Similarity of traits due to similar use
No recent shared ancestry |
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Convergent (or Parallel) Evolution
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o Similarity in form or function resulting from natural selection under similar environments
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