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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology |
-Study of human diversity -Use of that knowledge to help people understand each other |
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Ethnocentrism |
-Belief that on's own culture is "normal" -Using this to judge others |
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Ethnographic Fieldwork |
- Research strategy - Living with a community for a long time to better understand them |
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Four-Field Approach |
Use of four disciplines to study humanity |
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Physical Anthropology |
-Study of humans from biological perspective -Focuses on evolution |
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Paleoanthropology |
-Study of history of human evolution -Uses Fossil Record |
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Archaeology |
-Excavating and analyzing artifacts to investigate human past |
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Linguistic Anthropology |
Study of human language, past and present |
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Cultural Anthropology |
-Study of peoples communities, behaviors, beliefs, institutions -How they make meaning together (Work, play, etc) |
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Participant Observation |
-Research Strategy -Involves participation and observation of daily life |
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Globalization |
-Worldwide intensification of interactions -Increased movement of money, people, goods, within and across borders |
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Time-space Compression |
Rapid innovation of technologies associated with globalization Transforms how people think about space and time |
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Increased Migration |
Accelerated movement of people within and between countries |
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Uneven Development |
Unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization |
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Culture |
System of knowledge, beliefs, patters, institutions, etc. shared by a group of people |
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Enculturation |
Process of learning a culture |
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Ideas/rules about how people should behave in situations or towards people |
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Values |
Beliefs about what is important in making a good life |
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Symbol |
Anything that signifies something else |
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Mental Maps of Reality |
Cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist Assignment of meaning |
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Cultural Relavitism |
Understanfing a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context |
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Interpretivist Approach |
Sees culture as a system of deep meaning |
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Power |
Ability or potential to bring change through action or influence |
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Stratification |
Uneven distribution of resources and privileges among a group of people |
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Hegemony |
Ability of dominant group to create consent and agreement without use of force |
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Agency |
Potential power of individuals and groups to contest important cultural aspects (Norms, values, symbols, etc) |
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Participant Observation |
Research Strategy Involves participation and observation of daily life of people being studied |
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Reflexivity |
Self examination of the role anthropologists play Realization that one's identity affects one's fieldwork and analyses |
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Rapport |
Relationships of trust and familiarity developed with members of the community being studied |
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Key Informant |
A community member who advises the anthropologists on community issues, provides feedback, warns against cultural miscues |
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Interview |
Research strategy Gathering data through formal or informal conversations with informant |
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Life History |
Form of interview that traces biography of a person over time Examining changes and illuminating the networks of relationships in the community |
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Survey |
Informstion gathering tool for quantitative data analysis |
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Field Notes |
Anthropologists written observations and reflections on places, practices and events |
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Mapping |
Analysis of the physical and/or geographic place where fieldwork is conducted |
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Emic |
Investigating how local people think and how they understand the world |
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Etic |
Description of local behavior and beliefs from anthropologists perspective in ways that can be compared across borders |
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Ethnology |
Analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures |
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Polyvocality |
Practice of using many different voices in ethnographic writing and research question development |
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Informed consent |
Protecting the people being studied Ensuring they are informed of the goals of project and still consent |
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Anonymity |
Protecting identities of the people involved in a study by changing or omitting their names or other identifying characteristics |
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Language |
System of communication organization by rules Uses symbols such as words, sounds, and gestures to convey information |
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Descriptive Linguistics |
Study of sounds, symbols and gestures of a language Their combination into forms that communicate meaning |
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Phonemes |
Smallest units of sound that can make a difference in meaning |
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Phonology |
Study of what sounds exist and which are more important for a particular language |
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Morphemes |
Smallest units of sound that carry their own meaning |
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Morphology |
Study of patterns and rules of how sounds combine to make morphemes |
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Syntax |
Specific patterns and rules for constructing phrases and sentences |
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Grammar |
Combined set of observations about the rules governing the formation of morphemes and syntax that guide language use |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
The idea that different languages create different ways of thinking |
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Sociolinguistics |
Study of the ways culture shapes culture -Specifically the intersection of language and systems of power such as race, gender, class and age |
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Dialect |
A nonstandard varieties of language |
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Prestige Language |
A particular way of speaking Language variation that is associated with wealth/success |
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Code Switching |
Switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context |
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Historical Linguistics |
Study of the development of language over time Including changes and variations |
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Language Continuum |
Idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance so groups of people who live together can understand eachother |
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Language Loss |
Extinction of languages that have very few speakers |
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Digital Natives |
Generation of people born after 1980 who have been raised in a digital age |
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Deep Time |
Framework for considering the span of human history within the much larger age of the universe and planet earth |
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Fossils |
Remains of and organism |
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DNA |
The feature of a cell that provides the genetic code for the organism |
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Pale Geneticist |
Scientist who studies the past through the examination of preserved genetic material |
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Theory of Evolution |
The theory that biological adaptations in organisms occur in response to changes in the natural environment and develop in populations over generations |
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Creationism |
Belief that God created earth and all living creatures in their present form as recently as six thousand years ago |
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Mutation |
Deviation from the normal DNA code` |
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Mutagen |
Any agency that increases the frequency or extent of mutations |
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Natural Selection |
Evolutionary processes by which some organisms preferentially survive and reproduce increasing the frequency of those features in the population (Survival of the fittest) |
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gENE mIGRATION |
The movement of genetic material within a population and among diverse poplations |
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Genetic Drift |
Process whereby one segment of a population is removed from the larger pool, thereby limiting the flow of genetic material between the two groups |
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Species |
A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce kids |
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Bipedalism |
Ability to habitually walk on two legs Distinguishes humans from our immediate ancestors |
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Neandertal |
A late variety of archaic Homo Sapien prevalent in europe |
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"Out of Africa" Theory |
Theory that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, and migrated outward and eventually replaced the archaic homo sapiens |
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Gentic adaptation |
Changes in genetics that occur at a population level in response to certain features of the environment |
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Developmental Adaptation |
Way in which human growth and development can be influenced by factors other than genetics (nutrition, disease, stress) |
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Acclimatization |
PROCESS OF THE BODY TEMPORARILY ADJUSTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT |
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Cultural Adaptation |
A complex innovation such as fans, furnaces, and lights that allows humans to cope with their environment |
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Melanin |
Pigment that gives human skin its colour |
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Race |
Flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups |
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Racism |
Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups |
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Genotype |
Inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organisms physical form |
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Phenotype |
The way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form as a result of Genotype interaction with environmental factors |
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Colonialism |
When a nation-state extends its power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions |
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Whiteness |
A culturally constructed concept originating in 1961 Virginia Established who was white Central to US racial stratification |
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White Supremacy |
The belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races |
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Jim Crow |
Laws implemented after the US civil war to legally enforce segregation Particularly in the south after the end of slavery |
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Eugenics |
Pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring one race over others |
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Racialization |
To categorize, differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people |
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Individual Racism |
Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race |
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Institutional Racism |
Patters by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies and systems |
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Racial Ideology |
Set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal |
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Sex |
Physical differences between male and female Penis and Vagina |
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Gender |
Expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes |
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Cultural Construction of Gender |
The ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context
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Gender Performance |
The way gender identity is expressed through action |
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Inter sexual
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Individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes
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Transgender
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A gender identity or performance that does not fit cultural norms related to one’s assigned sex at birth
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Gender Stratification
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An unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender
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Gender Stereotype
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A preconceived notion about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture
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Gender Ideology
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Set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification
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Gender Violence
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Forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved
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Structural Gender Violence
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Gendered societal patterns of unequal access to resources that differentially affect women in particular
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Sexuality
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complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires are right, appropriate, and natural
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Heterosexuality
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Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex
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Homosexuality
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Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex
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Bisexuality
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Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of both sexes
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Asexuality
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Lack of erotic attraction to others
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Sexual Violence
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Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape
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Sex Tourism
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Travel, usually organized through tourism sector to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents
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Sex work
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Labor through which one provides sexual services for money
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