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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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World-view |
a generally coherent system of cultural ideas and beliefs about thenature of reality that is shared by the members of a society |
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Culture |
a society’s framework for constructing reality
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Epistemology |
the study of how knowledge or information is acquired
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Divination |
the art of foreseeing future events or discovering hidden knowledgethrough supernatural means
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Symbolic classification |
the way in which a culture organizes knowledge intosignificant categories
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Values |
standards of what is good, desirable or correct that are shared by themembers of a society
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Linguistics |
the science of the structure and use of language
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Prescriptive grammar |
artificial rules of “proper” language as certain peopleinsist it must be used |
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Descriptive Grammar |
study of the unconscious rules and principles governingthe way native speakers actually form words and sentences
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Speech community |
a group of people who use the same variety of a languageand share specific rules for speaking and interpreting speech
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syntax |
the study of sentence structure
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morphology |
the study of word structure
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phonology |
the study of sound structure
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phoneme |
a basic, distinctive unit of speech sound in a language
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semantics |
the study of meaning
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neologism |
a newly coined word, expression, or usage
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historical linguistics |
the study of how languages change over time
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dialect |
a variety of a language spoken in a particular area or by a particularsocial group
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language family |
a group of languages that are related by descent from acommon ancestor
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protolanguage |
a hypothesized ancestral language from which two or morelanguages seem to have descended
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cognates |
words belonging to different languages that have similar sounds andmeanings because they are related by descent from a common ancestrallanguage
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displacement
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the ability to communicate about a subject that is remote inspace and time
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magic |
the performance of certain rituals that are believed to compelsupernatural powers to act in particular ways
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homeopathic magic |
the attempt to influence people or things based on amystical connection Frazer called the law of similarity – like affects like
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contagious magic |
the attempt to influence people or things based on amystical connection Frazer called the law of contact – the part affects the whole
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mana |
a supernatural impersonal force that inhabits certain objects or peopleand is believed to confer success and/or strength
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taboo |
a prohibition that, if violated, is believed to bring supernaturalpunishment
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sorcery |
the use of certain materials to invoke supernatural powers to harmpeople
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witchcraft |
attempting to harm people by supernatural means, but throughemotions and thought alone, not through the use of materials
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animism |
1) a term used by Edward Tylor to describe a belief in a dual existencefor all things — a physical, visible body and a psychic, invisible soul; 2) the beliefthat humans, animals, plants, and natural phenomena all have souls
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polytheism |
recognizing many gods, none of whom is believed to besuperordinate
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monotheism |
believing that there is only one high god and that all othersupernatural beings are subordinate to, or are alternate manifestations of, thissupreme being
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anthropomorphic
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having human physical characteristics
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anthropopsychic |
sharing the traits of human mentality
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anthroposocial |
endorsing the values of human society
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duallistic |
1) isolating the eternal supernatural world from the everyday naturalworld where humans live; 2) dividing supernatural beings into thoserepresenting absolute good and those representing absolute evil, which are atwar
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monistic |
1) believing the natural and supernatural worlds to be geographicallyjoined or connected; 2) characterizing all supernatural beings as having bothgood and evil qualities
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cosmology |
a culture’s theory of the origin and general structure of the universe
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amulet |
an object, usually worn, thought to possess power to ward off danger orconfer some ability
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Shaman |
a master of spirits who makes contact with the supernatural world onbehalf of the community through trance or altered consciousness
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priest |
a religious specialist trained in the competent performance of rituals
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trepanning |
surgically opening the skull to drive out evil spirits
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