Anthro 9 Exam 2

Front 1

Common Features of Early Hominins (4 species)

Back 1

Few Fossils

Found at single sites

Similar dates

Geographically limited

Front 2

Adaptive Profile of Early Hominins (4 species)

Back 2

Bipedal (uncertain..a hominin?)

Reduced canine size/honing complex (uncertain/questionable)

Other cranio-dental features are primitive

Small brain and body size

Front 3

Four Species of Early Hominins

Back 3

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

Orrorin Tugenensis

Ardipithecus Kadabba

Ardipithecus Ramidus

Front 4

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis: Dates & Locations

Back 4

Discovered in 2002 in Chad, Africa

Toros-Menalla site

Previously a lightly forested location

6-7 mya

Front 5

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis: Overall Characteristics

Back 5

9 fossils found (sample size)

Huge brow ridges/suborbital torus

Reduced prognathism

Small brain size, cranial vault shape similar to chimp

Slight Reduction in canine/honing complex (human-like)

U-shaped dental arcade (chimp-like)

Thin enamel (diet similar to chimps, enamel thicket than chimps & thinner than human)

Large incisors (chimp-like)

Controversy over bipedal (foramen magnum like early homo's)

Front 6

Toumai (TM 266)

Back 6

1/9 Sahelanthropus Tchadensis fossils found

Most complete fossil of the species

Fossil (large) brow ridges are sloping due to pressure during fossilization
Reduced Prognathism

Small brain size

Cranial vault shape similar to chimps

Front 7

Cranial Capacity for Humans & Chimps

Back 7

Humans: 1375 average (range 1150-1750)

Chimps: 395 average (range 285-500)

Front 8

Orrorin Tugenensis: Dates & Locations

Back 8

Discovered in 2000 in Kenya, Africa

Tugen Hills

Previously forest near streams and lake

Also open woodland

6 mya (k/Ar)

Front 9

Orrorin Tugenensis: Overall Characteristics

Back 9

12 fossils found (sample size)

Cranial/post-cranial fragments

Well-preserved femur (locomotion)

Large Femur head: sign of bipedalism in hominin

Thick Enamel: sign of omnivore

Large Upper Canine (chimp-like)

Large Incisors (ate-fruit: chimp-like)

Curved finger bone (chimp-like)

Primitive humerus (for-climbing?: chimp-like)

Front 10

Millennium Man

Back 10

Orrorin Tugenensis

(original man from tugen hills)

Front 11

Ardipithecus Kadappa: Dates & Locations

Ground Dwelling bipedal (basal) base, before root

Back 11

Discovered in 2004 in Ethiopia (Middle Awash)

5.8-5.2 mya (K/Ar)

Front 12

Ardipithecus Kadappa: Overall Characteristics

Back 12

17 fossils found (sample-size)

larger sample size than most, less information/evidence

Flat toe implies bipedal; only evidence implying bipedalism

Small incisors (human-like)

Curved finger bone (chimp-like)
M3 like chimps and gorillas (molars)

Honing complex is present (resembles female chimp)

White explains Ramidus is ancestor of Kadabba (Scientifically questionable)

Found in lower sediments than ramidus

Front 13

Ardipithicus Ramidus: Dates & Locations

Back 13

Discovered in 1994 in Ethiopis (Middle Awash)

Forest Environment

4.4 mya (K/Ar)

Ardi Skeleton published in 2009

Front 14

Ardipithicus Ramidus: Overall Characteristics

Ground dwelling bipedal root ancestor

Back 14

Isolated Teeth & Cranial/post-cranial fragments

Hands are very large relative to body (chimp/gorilla-like)

Thin enamel (chimp-like)

Reduced honing complex (human-like)

Smaller Canine (human-like)

Reduced Progathism (human-like)

Anterior foramen magnum (bipedal hominin)

Brain size: 300-350cc (chimp-like)

Pelvis shows bipedal and arboreal traits

Long fingers, curved phalanges (chimp-like)

Opposable toe (climbing? chimp-like)

Front 15

Ardi

Back 15

Ardipithicus Ramidus

Skeleton Published in 2009

Nearly Complete Skull

Front 16

Australopithecus anamensis: Dates & Locations

Back 16

Ana=Lake (Lake Turkana)

Discovered;

in 1995

in Kenya, East Turkana

by Leakey

4.2-3.9 mya (forest environment)

Front 17

Australopithecus anamensis: Overall Characterisitics

Back 17

22 fossils found (sample size)

Reinforced tibia (clearly bipedal)

Intermediate enamel thickness (diet more varied than chimps)

Dentition dimilar to Ar. Ramidus but less primitive

Intermediate canine size

Front 18

Australopithecus Afarensis: Dates & Locations

Back 18

Afar=Region in Northern Ethiopia "afar triangle" (3 plates)

Discovered;

in 1974

in Kenya, Ethiopia (Hadar), Tanzania (1st fossil w huge geographic range)

by Don Johanson

3.8-3.0 mya

Front 19

Australopithecus Afarensis: Overall Characteristics

Back 19

Several hundred fossils (1st fossil like this)

Lucy & Laetoli footprints

Clearly bipedal: wedge-shaped vertebrae

Sexual dimorphism (size of skull not of dentition/canine)

Brain size: 350-500cc

Dentition similar to A. Anamensis but less primitive

Child fossil found; Dikika Baby

Front 20

Lucy

Back 20

Australopithecus Afarensis

No feet

Clues to ancestor

had ape & human characteristics

Front 21

Laetoli Footprints

Back 21

Australopithecus Afarensis

Tanzania

Only foot evidence atm

Front 22

Dikika Baby

Back 22

Australopithecus Afarensis from Dikika, Ethiopia

found encased in sandstone

3 year old child

3.3 mya fossil

preserved almost entire skeleton

almost complete skull: spine and shoulders underneath

foot found nearby and other body parts

Looked at adult teeth in skull (CT scan) to find out 3 years old

Front 23

Australopithecus Bahrelghazali

Back 23

Discovered in 1995

3.5-3.0 mya

One fossil (sample-size)

Teeth

Largely Unknown (is it afarensis?)

Canine small

No honing complex

Main significance; geography: tells us they lived in North Central Africa

Front 24

Kenyanthropus Platyops

(Plat=Flat)

Back 24

Discovered in 2001

3.5 mya

Cranium (kind of crushed/cranial frags)

Toe bone

Flat face, small molars (distinct from afarensis)

Existed with afarensis (more human-like..who is human ancestor?)

Too crushed for reliable analysis?

Distinct species

Front 25

Australopithecus Africanus

Back 25

Earliest hominin species discovered; in 1924

3.5-2 mya

Discovered in South Africa (Sterkfontein&other cites)

Hundreds of fossils (similar to afarensis/good evidence of species)

Earliest Hominin to inhibit South Africa

Taung Child, Mrs Ples, Little Foot

Front 26

Taung Child

Back 26

Australopithecus Africanus

3 year old child

endocast of brain from sediment during fossilization

skull, mandible, brain endocast (rock in shape of brain)

First Africanus discovered

most likely descendant of Afarensis migrated from east to south Africa

Front 27

Mrs. Ples

Back 27

Australopithecus Africanus

Adult (1st adult discovered)

Cranium (sample)

More derived than afarensis;

larger brain

rounded braincase

less prognathism

smaller C and I teeth

Front 28

Little Foot

Back 28

Australopithecus Africanus

complete skeleton

more human-like than afarensis

gives more africanus evidence

Front 29

Australopithecus Sediba

Well, Spring (Water spring)

Back 29

Discovered in 2010 (most recently discovered)

in Malapa (near Sterkfontein Caves in S.Africa)

2 mya

Juvenile and Adult Female skeleton

Other frags (good evidence)

Front 30

Australopithecus Sediba;

similarities to australopiths

Back 30

Small Brain

Small Body

Long Arms

Primitive Feet

Bipedal

Front 31

Australopithecus Sediba;

similarities to genus 'homo'

Back 31

Smaller teeth

Less projecting face

Pelvis

(supports 3rd hypothesis that homo evolved in S.Africa)

Front 32

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Back 32

First found in Ethiopia, Africa

East Africa, now found all over

Discovered in 1985

2.7-2.5 mya

Several skulls, jaws, cranial frags

More primitive than boisei and robustus (small brain, large Incisors)

Ancestor by cladogenosis to Afarensis (similar traits)

No postcrania

Front 33

Paranthropus boisei

Back 33

First known from East Africa

Discovered; in 1959 in Tanzania by Lewis Leakey

2.3-1.2 mya

Several dozen skulls, many jaws, many cranial frags

Very sexually dimorphic (same dentition, different skull size)

Robust traits more derived(exaggerated) than aethiopicus

Distant ancestor to afarensis (postcrania indicates body size similar)

Coexisted with homo

Front 34

Paranthropus robustus

Back 34

Only paranthropus in South Africa

Discovered in 1938

Discovered in S. Africa at Skartkans & other cites

2.0-1.5 mya

Several dozen skulls, jaws, cranial frags

Isotopic studies suggest they ate animal protein

Bone tools; Antelope bones with sharpened ends

(1st evidence of tool use)

Front 35

Specialized cranio-dental adaptations of Paranthropus species

Back 35

Clearly not human ancestor

Extreme adaptations due to diet (unique)

Sagittal crest very visible (large chewing muscles)

Extremely developed temporalis and masseter muscle

large mandible

tiny incisors

premolar is said to be molarized, molars very large

flared zygomatics (which makes face dished)

Front 36

Australopith Group: 3 genera

Back 36

Australopithecus, Kenyanthropus, Paranthropus

10 species: hundreds of fossils

wide geographic distribution (all parts of Africa)

1-4 mya

small bodies (3 1/2- 5 1/2 ft tall)

small brain (larger than chimps)

clearly bipedal

moderate prognathism

U-shaped dental arcade w large I, reduced C, large molars