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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ethnicity |
means of identification w/ and feeling part , an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation |
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Minority Groups |
subordiate groups in a social political bureaucracy , w/ inferior power & less secure acess to resources than majority groups have |
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Majority Groups |
superordinate, dominant, or controlling groups in a social-political bureaucracy |
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Racial Classification |
the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry |
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Clines |
Gradual gentic shifts |
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Phenotype |
"manifest biology" -anatompy and physiology of living organism |
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Natural Selection |
process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given enviornment do so |
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Race |
an ethnic group assumed to have a biologial basis (cultural category) |
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Descent |
rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of ones ancestry |
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Hypodescent |
rule that automatically places the children of a union/marriage between members of different socioeconomic groups in less privileged group |
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Nation |
Once a synonym for ethnic group, designating a single culture sharing language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, kinship---now more closely related to "State/Nation State" |
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Nationalities |
ethnic groups that once had or wish to have/regain , autonomous political status (their own country). |
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Assimilation |
the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; where minority group is incorporated into dominate culture to the point that it no longer exsists as a seperate cultural unit. |
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Plural Society |
a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization and the economic interdependance of those groups. |
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Multiculturalism |
view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desireable, socializes individuals into dominate and ethinc culture *** opposite of assimilation |
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Prejudice |
devaluating a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes |
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Stereotypes |
are ideas often unfavorable about what the members of a group are like. |
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Discrimination |
refers to the policies/practices that harms a group and its members. can be practiced as: "de facto"-not legally sanctioned "de jure"-part of law, socially acceptable |
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Geneocide |
The deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder |
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Ethnocide |
dominant culture FORCES ethnic group to adopt dominant culture. |
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Ethnic Expulsion |
aims at removing groups who are culturally diff. from a country. |
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Refugees |
ppl who have been forced or who have been choosen to flee the country to escape persecution/war. |
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Cultural Colonialism |
refers to interracial domination by one group forcing its culture/idiology over others. |
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Sexual dimorphism |
differences in male and female biology BESIDES the contrasts in breasts and genitals...which has decreased over human biological evolution |
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Gender |
cultural construction of wheather one is female,male or someone else. |
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Gender Roles |
tasks and activities a culture assigns by gender
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Gender Stereotypes |
oversimplified but strongly held ideas about what characteristics of males and females |
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Gender Stratification |
unequal distribution of rewards, resources, power, prestige, human rights, personal freedom, between men and women, reflecting their positions in hierarchy. |
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Domestic and Public Dichotomy |
strong diifferentiation between the home and the outside world...leads to stratification because public activities have greater prestige than dometic ones do(Men>Woman) |
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Patrilineal-Patrilocal Complex |
an interelated constellation of patrilinity , patrilocality, warfare and male supremacy. |
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Patriarchy |
describes a political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights. |
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Intersex |
encompasses a group if conditions involving a discrepancy between the external genitals and the internal genitals |
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Transgender |
a category of varied individuals whose gender identity contrasts their biological sex @ birth and the gender identity that society assigned to them in infancy. |
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Gender identity |
refers to whether a person feels and is regarded as male, female or something else. |
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Sexual orientation |
refers to a person's sexual attraction to and habitual sexual activities w/ persons of the opp. sex, same or both.
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Religion |
Beliefs and rituals concerned w/ supernatural beings, powers and forces. |
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Communitas |
intense community spirit a feeling of great social solidarity, equality and togetherness; characteristic of the ppl experiencing liminality together. |
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Religion in Latin |
"Religare"- to tie/bind |
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Shamans |
a part-time religious practitioner who mediates between ordinary ppl and supernatural beings/forces. |
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Animism |
belief in souls/ "doubles" (awake during trancendence states) thought to be the first form of religion by Edward B. Taylor |
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Polithesim |
multipule gods |
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Monotheism |
belief in a single powerful diety |
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Mana |
sacred impersonal force in melanesian and polynesian religions |
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taboo |
prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions |
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magic |
refers to the supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims. |
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Rituals |
behavior that is formal, stylized, respective and stereotyped , performed earnestly as a social act rituals are held at set times and places and have liturgical orders |
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rites of passage |
culturally defined activities ass. w/ the transition from one place or stage of life to another *** all have 3 phases 1 separation 2 liminality 3 incorporation |
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liminality |
critically important marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage. |
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Totems |
an animal/plant/geographic feature association w/ a specific social group to which that totem is scared is sacred or symbolically unparant |
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How do leaders mobalize their communities and gain support? |
persuation/fear/hatred |
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purpose of moral codes |
maintaining order and stability that are constantly reinforced in religious sermons |
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revitalization movements |
social movements that occur in times of change , in which religious learders emerge and undertake to alter /revitalize a society. |
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cargo cults |
(usually emerge during colonization) local ppl have regular contact w/ outsiders but lack their wealth, technology and living standard. |
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religion: cultural universal |
religion is generally of positive value ***debated by anthropologists |
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what are the three diff. functions of religion |
1 intellectual/ cognative 2 psychological 3 social |
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myths |
supernatural oral/written stories |
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4 forms of cults |
organized system of beliefs and practices pertaining to the control or worship of specific natural powers. 1 individualistic 2 shamanistic 3 communal 4 ecdesiastical |