Anthro

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proper roles for applied anthropologists

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1. identifying needs for change that local people perceive
2. working with those people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change
3. protect local people from harmful policies and projects that threaten them

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ethnography

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provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture; ethnographer gathers data, organizes it and describes, analyzes and interprets it to build and present an account

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cultural anthropology

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study of human society and culture; describes, interprets and explains social and cultural similarities and differences

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biological anthropology

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studies human biological diversity in time and space, includes hominid evolution, human genetics, and human biological plasticity, primatology

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archaeology

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reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains

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general anthropology

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academic discipline of anthropology

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an is holistic

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it studies the whole of the human condition: past, present and future; biology, society, language and culture

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society

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organized life in groups

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ethnologists

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focus on more general

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culture

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distinctly human; traditions and customs, transmitted through learning that play a large role in determining the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them. learned by growing up in a particular society; culture is not biological

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cultural anthropologists

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work with social workers, business people, advertising professionals, factory workers, nurses, physicians, georontologists, mental-health professionals and economic development experts

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linguistic anthropology

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study of languages of the present and making inferences about those in the past

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public archaeology

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includes activities as cultural resource management, contract archaeology, public educational programs and historic preservation

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anthropological theory

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body of findings and generalizations of the subdisciplines

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anthropology

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a comparative science that examines all societies, ancient and modern, simple and complex; offers a unique cross-cultural perspective, constantly comparing the customs of one society with those of others

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2 dimensions of anthropology

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1. theoretical/academic anthropology
2. practicing or applied anthropology (public health, family planning, economic development)

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etic

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shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist; realizes that members of a culture are often too involved in what they are doing to interpret their cultures impartially
OUTSIDE

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participant observation

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taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing

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North Americans working in other countries should:

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1. include host country colleagues in their research planning and requests for funding
2. establish truly collaborative relationships with those colleagues and their institutions before, during and after field work
3. include host country colleagues in dissemination, including publication of the research results
4. ensure that something is "given back" to host country colleagues

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AAA Code of Ethics

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states that anthropologists have obligations to their scholarly field, to the wider society and culture, and to the human specis, other species and the environment

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interview schedule

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face-to-face conversation asking questions and writing down answers

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emic

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investigates how local people think; "native view point" INSIDE

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cultural relativism

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viewing everything from an inside point of view

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horticulture

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cultivation that makes intensive use of none of the factors of production:land, labor, capital, and machinery. they use simple tools like hoes and digging sticks

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foraging

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hunting/gathering/fishing

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agriculture

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cultivation that requires more labor than horticulture does because it uses land intensively and continuously. uses domesticated animals, irrigation and terracing

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pastoralists

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live in North Africa, the Middle East, Europe, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa; herders are people who activities focus on such domesticated animals as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yak and reindeer; attachment to animals

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nomadism

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the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year
e.g. Basseri

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transhumance

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part of the group moves with the herds

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economy

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a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

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economics

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study of such systems; focus on modern nations and capitalist systems

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mode of production

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a way of organizing production - "a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools skills, organization, and knowledge

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means (factors) of production

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include land, labor and technology

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balanced reciprocity

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exchanges between people who are more distantly related than are members of the same band or household; giver expects something in return-if no return social strain

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generalized reciprocity

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someone gives to another person and expects nothing concrete or immediate in return; expressions of personal relationships

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negative reciprocity

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exchanges in nonindustrial societies; exchanges with people outside or on the fringes of their social systems; people want to get something back immediately

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potlatch

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festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes; memorial to the dead; potlatch sponsor traditionally gave away food, blankets, pieces of copper, etc in return for prestige. enhances one's reputation; increased with the lavishness of the potlatch, the value of the goods given away in it

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tribe

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economies based on nonintensive food production (horticulture and pastoralism)

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chiefdom

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form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state; relations based on kinship, marriage, descent, age generation and gender

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state

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form of sociopolitical organization based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification

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law

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legal code with trial and enforcement

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village head

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only leadership position; authority is severely limited, leads by example and persuasion, lacks right to issue orders

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big man

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elaborate version of the village head, but had supporters in several villages; regulator of regional political organization

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age sets

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included all the men born during a certain time span, each set had its distinctive dance, songs, possissions and privileges

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stratification

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separate social strata, emergence signified the transition from chiefdom to state; presence of stratification is one of the key distinguishing features of a state

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power

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ability to exercise one's will over others-to do what one wants

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nuclear family

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impermanent; it lasts only as long as the parents and children remain together

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extended family

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three or more generations

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neolocal

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married couples are expected to establish a new place of residence

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descent group

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permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry

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patrilineal descent

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people automatically have lifetime membership in their father's group

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matrilineal descent

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people join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life

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band

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small groups of face to face; 50-200 people; fairly flexible

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classical economics

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Adam Smith-invisible hand

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bilateral descent

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accepts both partilineal and matrilineal descent, but there is patrilineal bias

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patrilocal

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live with husband's family

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matrilocal

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live with wife's family

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levirate

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man marries dead brother's widow

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sororate

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man marries dead wife's sister

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ghost marriage

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nuer and dinka; if a young man dies without children-young girl or widow bears children only for the dead husband (all children from other men belong to him)

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dowry

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brides family brings wealth to the family (India)

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brideprice

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groom's family brings wealth to the family (Muslim, Sudan)

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Eskimoan Family

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flexible, move around; bilateral

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Hawaiian Family

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based on generations;
all in my generation are my brothers and sisters
aunt and uncles are "Mother and Father"
everyone of g-pa generation are gpa and gma
extending terms out
sedentary

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Sudanese or Descriptive Family

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differentiate between Father and Mother's sides
aunt and uncle different for father and mother's sides...different titles for each

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lineage

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demonstrated descent; members can recite the names f their forebears in each generation from the apical ancestor through the present

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clans

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stipulated descent; members merely say they descend from the apical ancestor, without trying to trace the actual genealogical links

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exogamy

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practice of seeking a mate outside one's own group, has adaptive value because it links people into a wider social network tat nurture, help=pushes social organization outward, establishing and preserving alliances among groups

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endogamy

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dictates mating or marriage within a group to which one belongs

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polygamy

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plural marriages-more than one spouse at a time

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monogamy

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only one spouse at a time

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polygyny

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man has more than one wife

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polyandry

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more than one husband

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religion

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faith, belief in higher power system, traditions, ritual, text?, guide to behavior, tries to explain something, belief-faith;accepted way it is

Louey Morton; Durkheim; Clifford

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animism

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the earliest form of religion; belief in spiritual beings-Edward B. Tylor (founder of anthropology of religion) included monotheism and polytheism

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animatism

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belief in "knock on wood" "walking under ladders"

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mana

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a sacred impersonal force existing in the universe; can reside in people, animals, plants and objects

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taboo

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high chiefs that had so much mana, their bodies and possessions were set apart as sacred and off-limits to ordinary people

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magic

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supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims; incl. spells, formulas and incantations used with deities or with impersonal forces

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rituals

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formal-stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped kinds of behavior; performed in special places, set times in certain orders

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rites of passage

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customs associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another; found throughout the world

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separation

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people withdraw from the group and begin moving from one place or status to another

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liminal

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period between states, the limbo during which people have left one place or state but haven't yet entered or joined the next

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incorporation

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reenter society, have completed the rite

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shamans

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part-time religious figures who mediate between people and supernatural beings and forces; general term encompassing curers, mediums, spiritualists, astrologers, palm readers, and other diviners; most characteristic of foraging societies

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revitalization movements

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social movements that occur in times of change, in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter or revitalize a society

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globalization

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interdependency; includes many changes-economic, culture, etc. world becomes a smaller place; links connecting the world have become accelerated

Emmanuel Wallerstein-global system theory; where academics were looking 1970's economic globalization; argued cores, peripheries, semi peripheries

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1st world

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advanced society

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2nd world

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socialist countries of eastern europe

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3rd world

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non-aligned-colonies didn't take sides; poor countries

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4th world

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native americans, indiginous people; emerged in 1970's

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capitalist world economy

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single world system committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs

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modernization

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more neutral, not modern-not good; derogatory

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underdeveloped

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poor because of economic and political developments

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imperialism

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adopt to country-all about expanding power and land e.g. china and tibet