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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Charles Linnaeus
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Developed binomial nomenclature, a method of classifying plants and animals.
Ex: Homo sapiens. |
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Gregor Mendel
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Augustinian Priest & scientist
Often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants. |
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Natural Selection
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Changes in the frequency of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success.
Non random mechanism of evolution |
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Fixity of Species
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The idea that all species on earth had been created by god in exactly the same form in which it is found presently. Life forms couldn't and didn't change.
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Forces of Evolution (3)
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Genetic Drift
Gene flow Mutation |
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Genetic Drift
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Random change in allele frequencies
Small populations Bottleneck (M&M example) |
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Gene Flow
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Exchange of genes between populations
“Spring Break” example |
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Non-Random Mating
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also: Assortative mating
Pattern of mating in which individuals choose mates preferentially. Positive: picking a mate that has traits similar to ones own Negative: picking a mate that has traits disimilar to ones own |
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Robert Yerkes
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• Earliest studies
o (20s 30s) • Largely descriptive |
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Samuel Morton
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(1799-1851)
Quaker anatomist Advocate of polygenism |
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Franz Boas
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Early 20th century
Re-examined race concept Biology, culture, language, psychology should be understood in terms No relationship between biological race and cultural achievement |
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Binet
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IQ tests
Developed to identify special needs students Worried it would be used for other purposes |
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Lewis Terman
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Popularized hereditarian view of intelligence
Started the “testing” industry 30 min test administered once Advocated for sterilization Job placement based on exams |
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Yerkes
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Army tests:
WWI; wanted to test all recruits Used to suggest military placement Test results: Average white American most intelligent Immigrants from S Europe, less intelligent than those in N Europe Black Americans at bottom of scale Critiques: test measured cultural knowledge |
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Franz Boas
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Early 20th century
Re-examined race concept Biology, culture, language, psychology should be understood in terms No relationship between biological race and cultural achievement |
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Autosome
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Any chromosome not considered as a sex chromosome, or is not involved in sex determinati
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Sister Chromatids
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Replicate chromosomes
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Homologous chromosomes
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Maternal and paternal copies of the same chromosome
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Gene Pool
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Total complement of genes shared b the reproductive members in a population
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Founder Effect
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• Small population size
• Extreme case of genetic drift • Sampling error • New population established by a few individuals • Founders may represent a non-random sample of original population |
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Non-Random Mating
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• Choice of mates affected by genotype
• In humans, culture has large impact • Negative assortative mating where individuals mate with those with different genotypes • Increased heterozygosity |
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Positive Assortative Mating
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• Individuals mate with those who share similar genotypes
• Increased homozygosity |
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Eugenics
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the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, esp. by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics).
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Population
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A group of individuals of the same species that live together
o The potential to interbreed o Share the same habitat o Use the same resources |
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Stabilizing Selection
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Maintenance of 2 or more alleles in a population due to a selection advantage for heterozygote
• Sickle cell anemia |
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Disruptive Selection
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Heterozgote is not adaptive and selected against
• Rarest form of natural selection • Rh blood factor |
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Directional Selection
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Natural selection favors one extreme form of a trait over all others
• Human brain size, larger cranium • Darwin’s finches |
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Reification
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"making something out of nothing"
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Polygenism
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• Multiple origins or creations for different human groups
• Multiple “Adams” |
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Monogenism
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o All people are degeneration from perfection originating in Eden
o European populations degenerated the least |
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Polymorphisms
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Multiple alleles for a gene are present
• ABO blood systems, Obesity, Schizophrenia |