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114 Cards in this Set
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naturalism |
idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the world |
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atomism |
is a natural philosophy that developed in several ancient traditions. The atomists theorized that nature consists of two fundamental principles: atom and void. |
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PLATO |
first real philosopher introducted the ideas morality, |
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epistimology |
it is the study of knowledge and justified belief. It questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, and the extent to which knowledge pertinent to any given subject or entity can be acquired |
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Copernicus |
first suggessted the heliocentric model of the solar system, suggested the universe was much larger than originally thought |
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Heliocentrism |
is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System |
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Galileo |
proved that earth orbited the sun, the earth and other celestial bodies where moveable |
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the scientific revolution |
the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature |
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Descartes |
philosopher stressed rationalism as the best to communicate with and understand the world |
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Rationalism |
the view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification" |
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Francis Bacon |
Bacon has been called the father of empiricism.[5] His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive and careful observation of events in nature. |
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empiricism |
the theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience. It emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, and argues that the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori |
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Max Weber |
Weber's main intellectual concern was understanding the processes of rationalisation, secularisation, and "disenchantment" that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity |
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disenchantment |
the cultural rationalization and devaluation of mysticism apparent in modern society |
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Sigmund Frued |
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E.B Taylor |
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James G. Frazer |
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unilineal social evolution |
is a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. It was composed of many competing theories by various anthropologists and sociologists, who believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution. |
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the `new`athesism |
s a social and political movement that began in the early 2000s in favour of atheism and secularism promoted by a collection of modern atheist writers who have advocated the view that "religion should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its |
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Christopher Hitchens |
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Richard Dawkins |
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obscurantism |
s the practice of deliberately preventing the facts or the full details of some matter from becoming known. |
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Samuel Huntington |
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the clash of civilizations |
theory that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict |
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Franz Boas |
first american antropologist rejection of the then popular evolutionary approaches to the study of culture, which saw all societies progressing through a set of hierarchic technological and cultural stages, with Western-European culture at the summit. Boas argued that culture developed historically through the interactions of groups of people and the diffusion of ideas, and that consequently there was no process towards continuously "higher" cultural forms |
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Branislaw Malinowski |
He was also widely regarded as an eminent fieldworker and his texts regarding the anthropological field methods were foundational to early anthropology, for example coining the term participatory observation |
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Cultural relativism |
is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students. |
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Emily Martin |
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Stephen J. Gold |
Gould favored the argument that evolution has no inherent drive towards long-term "progress". Uncritical commentaries often portray evolution as a ladder of progress, leading towards bigger, faster, and smarter organisms, the assumption being that evolution is somehow driving organisms to get more complex and ultimately more like humankind. Gould argued that evolution's drive was not towards complexity, but towards diversification |
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non-overlapping magisteria |
advocated by Stephen Jay Gould that science and religion each represent different areas of inquiry - fact vs. values - so that there is a difference between the "nets" [1] over which they have "a legitimate magisterium, or domain of teaching authority," and these two domains do not overlap.[2] He suggests, with examples, that "NOMA enjoys strong and fully explicit support, even from the primary cultural stereotypes of hard-line traditionalism" and that it is "a sound position of general consensus, established by long struggle among people of goodwill in both magisteria."[1] Despite this there continues to be disagreement over where the boundaries between the two magisteria should be.[3] |
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nyaya & vaisesika |
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Jil Bolte Taylor |
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Sputnik |
Sputnik also inspired a generation of engineers and scientists. Harrison Storms, the North American designer who was responsible for the X-15 rocket plane, and went on to head the effort to design the Apollo |
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cosmology |
is the scientific study of the large scale properties of the universe as a whole. It endeavors to use the scientific method to understand the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the entire Universe. |
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cosmogenisis |
the origin or evolution of the universe |
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Marcel Griaule |
known for his studies of the Dogon people of West Africa,[1] and for pioneering ethnographic field studies in France. |
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the dogon |
an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of the country of Mali, in Western Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, in the Mopti region |
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Nommo |
are mythological ancestral spirits (sometimes referred to as deities) worshipped by the Dogon tribe of Mali. The word Nommos is derived from a Dogon word meaning "to make one drink." The Nommos are usually described as amphibious, hermaphroditic, fish-like creatures |
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Sirius B ( Digitaria Star) |
When Digitaria is closest to Sirius, that star brightens: when it is farthest from Sirius, it gives off a twinkling effect that suggests to the observer several stars. The orbit cycle takes 50 years.[36] They also claimed that the Dogon appeared to know of the rings of Saturn, and the moons of Jupiter.[37] |
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Robert Temple |
hypothesis that the Dogon people preserve a tradition of contact with intelligent extraterrestrial beings from the Sirius star system |
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The Sirius Mystery |
It presents the hypothesis that the Dogon people of Mali, in west Africa, preserve a tradition of contact with intelligent extraterrestrial beings from the Sirius star system.[1] |
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transhumanism |
is an international and intellectual movement that aims to transform the human condition by developing and creating widely available technologies to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities |
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the Singularity movement |
movement defined by the belief that a technological singularity—the creation of superintelligence—will likely happen in the medium future, and that deliberate action ought to be taken to ensure that the Singularity benefits humans |
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Ray Kuzweil |
Kurzweil is a public advocate for the futurist and transhumanist movements, and gives public talks to share his optimistic outlook on life extension technologies and the future of nanotechnology, robotics, and biotechnology. |
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animism |
is the worldview that non-human entities—such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence |
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John Beattie |
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the Nyroro |
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mufumu |
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kibali |
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Jack Goody |
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the uncanny |
the opposite of what is familiar") is a mixture of the familiar and unfamiliar that is experienced as being peculiar. |
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ghost hunting |
process of investigating locations that are reported to be haunted by ghosts. Typically, a ghost hunting team will attempt to collect evidence that they see as supportive of paranormal activity |
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techno-mysticism (potts) |
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evp |
First of all, EVP stands for Electronic Voice Phenomenon. Ghost hunters or paranormal investigators will take a digital voice recorder out into the field and they will ask questions of a spirit or of an area hoping that a spirit will answer |
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Walter B. Cannon |
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“voodoo death |
a term coined by Walter Cannon in 1942 also known as psychogenic death or psychosomatic death, is the phenomenon of sudden death as brought about by a strong emotional shock, such as fear |
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“bone” pointing |
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psychosomatic death |
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Near-‐Death Experiences (NDE) |
A near-death experience (NDE) is a personal experience associated with impending death, encompassing multiple possible sensations including detachment |
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clinical death |
death as judged by the medical observation of cessation of vital functions. It is typically identified with the cessation of heartbeat and respiration, though modern resuscitation methods and life-support systems have required the introduction of the alternative concept of brain death |
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Tibetan Book of the Dead |
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samsara |
defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences |
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bardo |
Tibetan word bardo (བར་དོ་ Wylie: bar do) means literally "intermediate state"—also translated as "transitional state" or "in-between state" or "liminal state |
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“social death |
the condition of people not accepted as fully human by wider society |
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Robert Hertz |
Every social hierarchy claims to be founded on the nature of things. It thus accords itself eternity; it escapes change and the attacks of innovators. Aristotle justified slavery by the ethnic superiority of the Greeks over the barbarians; and today the man who is annoyed by feminist claims alleges that woman is naturally inferior |
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secondary burial |
is a feature of certain prehistoric grave sites of all types, identified since the New Stone Age, which is a frequent feature of megalithic tombs and tumuli. Secondary burials were also a mortuary custom among many Native American cultures |
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the Wari’ |
The Wari', also known as the Pakaa Nova, are an indigenous people of Brazil, living in seven villages in the Amazon rainforest in the state of Rondônia also practiced endocannibalism, specifically mortuary cannibalism. Endocannibalism is the consumption of members of one's own group |
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mortuary cannibalism |
s that of the Fore tribe in New Guinea, which resulted in the spread of the prion disease kuru |
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shamanism |
is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world |
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entoptic phenomenea |
are visual effects whose source is within the eye itself. (Occasionally, these are called entopic phenomena, which is probably a typographical mistake.) |
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“boiling energy |
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altered states of consciousness |
also called altered state of mind or mind alteration, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking beta wave state |
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Peyote Hunt |
They collect peyote - a cactus containing hallucinogens - along the way, they believe the peyote enables the Wixarica (Huichol) to commune directly with their ancestors and deities |
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Wirikuta |
is a site, sacred to the Wixarrica Huichol Indians high in the mountains of central Mexico, between the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Zacatecas ranges. In Wixarricas's mythology it is believed the world was created in Wirikuta |
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mescaline |
r 3,4,5-trimethoxy phen ethyl amine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects similar to those of LSD and psilocybin |
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Yanomamo |
described the Yanomami as living in "a state of chronic warfare" |
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Napoleon Chagnon |
His work has centered around the analysis of violence among tribal peoples, and, using socio-biological analyses, he has advanced the argument that among the Yanomami violence is fueled by an evolutionary process in which successful warriors have more offspring |
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ebene |
city being promoted as a new information technology hub for Mauritius and as a link between African and Asian markets. As a result, it is also referred to as Ebene Cybercity or Cybercity. |
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Hekura spirits |
The power of shamans to heal or attack human souls comes from the hekura spirits which they command and spend several hours each day .thus reflecting the importance of shamanistic practices in this community. |
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Aldous Huxley |
Huxley was a humanist, pacifist, and satirist. He later became interested in spiritual subjects such as parapsychology and philosophical mysticism,[2][3] in particular Universalism.[4] |
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The Doors of Perception |
detailing his experiences when taking mescaline. The book takes the form of Huxley's recollection of a mescaline trip that took place over the course of an afternoon, and takes its title from a phrase in William Blake's 1793 poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. Huxley recalls the insights he experienced, which range from the "purely aesthetic" to "sacramental vision".[1] He also incorporates later reflections on the experience and its meaning for art and religion. |
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the “not-‐self” |
Huxley feels that human affairs are somewhat irrelevant whilst on mescaline and attempts to shed light on this by reflecting on paintings featuring people.[35] Cézanne's Self-portrait with a straw hat seems incredibly pretentious, while Vermeer's human still lifes (also, the Le Nain brothers and Vuillard) are the nearest to reflecting this not-self state |
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ineffability |
is concerned with ideas that cannot or should not be expressed in spoken words (or language in general), often being in the form of a taboo or incomprehensible term |
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Timothy Leary |
was an American psychologist and writer known for advocating psychedelic drugs eary believed that LSD showed potential for therapeutic use in psychiatry. He popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy, such as "turn on, tune in, drop out", "set and setting", and "think for yourself and question authority" |
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“Start Your Own Religion |
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nature-‐nurture debate |
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water-‐witching/dowsing |
Dowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts to locate ground water, buried metals or ores, gemstones, oil, gravesites,[1] and many other objects and materials without the use of scientific apparatus. Dowsing is considered a pseudoscience, and there is no scientific evidence that it is any more effective than random chance |
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cultural ecology |
is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Human adaptation refers to both biological and cultural processes that enable a population to survive and reproduce within a given or changing environment. |
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G. Reichel-‐Dolmatoff |
as an anthropologist and archaeologist known for his in-depth fieldwork among tropical rainforest cultures (e.g. Tucano) in Amazonia and also among dozens of other indigenous groups in Colombia in the Caribbean Coast (the Kogi Amerindians of the Sierra Nevada), as well as amon Pacific Coast, Llanos savannahs, and in the Andean and inter-Andean regions as well as in other areas of Colombia. For nearly six decades he realized ethnographic and anthropological studies, as well as archeological research, and as a scholar was a prolific writer and public figure renowned as a staunch defender of indigenous peoples. He died in 1994 in Colombia. |
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the Tukano |
are a group of indigenous South Americans living in the northwestern Amazon, along the Vaupés River and the surrounding area. They are present in both Colombia and Brazil, although most live on the Colombian side of the border. They are usually described as being made up of many separate tribes, although the appellation is somewhat problematic due to the complex social and linguistic structure of the region. |
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Roy Rappaport |
was a distinguished anthropologist known for his contributions to the anthropological study of ritual and to ecological anthropology |
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the Tsembag |
group of horticulturists who live in the highlands of New Guinea. They have been extensively studied by ethnographers, the foremost of which is Roy Rappaport. The Maring are known for a special pattern of farming, hoarding of pigs, and warfare. Warfare usually proceeds after a ritual pig feast, known as kaiko. |
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Kaiko festival |
drum festival |
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cash-‐cropping |
is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm. The term cash crop is applied exclusively to the agricultural production of plants; animal agriculture is not a part of the terminology. |
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green-‐washing |
s a form of spin in which green PR or green marketing is deceptively used to promote the perception that an organization's products, aims or policies are environmentally friendly. |
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Jean Baudrillard |
Simulation, Baudrillard claims, is the current stage of the simulacrum: all is composed of references with no referents, a hyperreality |
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simulacrum |
is a representation or imitation of a person or thing. The word was first recorded in the English language in the late 16th century, used to describe a representation, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god |
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the hyperreal |
A term associated with the effects of mass culture reproduction, suggesting that an object, event, experience so reproduced replaces or is preferred |
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“natural flavour` |
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virgin birth debate |
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Baloma spirit |
Baloma is the spirit of the dead in Trobriand society, as studied by Bronislaw Malinowski, t plays a key role in conception ideologies and explains and maintains the matrilineal descent system by substituting the role of male sperm ("fathers") with that of a spirit |
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matrilineal/patrilineal |
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cross-‐cousin marriage |
is the child of one's parent's sibling of the alternate sex. A cross cousin is contrasted with a parallel cousin, who is seen as a brother or sister, eg a child of a mother's sister or child of a father's brother. Marriage with a parallel cousin would be seen as incestuous |
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kinship terminology systems |
Kinship terminology is the systems used in languages to refer to the persons to whom an individual is related through kinship |
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bilateral kinship system |
Bilateral descent is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth. It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents |
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bifurcated kinship system |
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David Schneider |
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descent |
descented from |
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consanguinity |
is the property of being from the same kinship as another person. In that aspect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person |
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filiation |
is the legal term[1] that refers to the recognized legal status of the relationship between family members, or more specifically the legal relationship between parent and child |
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ancestor worship |
the custom of venerating deceased ancestors who are considered still a part of the family and whose spirits are believed to have the power to intervene in the affairs of the living |
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new reproductive technologies |
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in vitro fertilization |
is the process of fertilization by manually combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish, and then transferring the embryo to the uterus |
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gestational surrogacy |
fertility option, which allows the intended parents to achieve a pregnancy by first creating embryos through IVF with their own eggs and sperm and then transferring these embryos to another woman, called the gestational carrier, or gestational surrogate. |
