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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is Machu Picchu located? Who are the Inca people?
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Coscu region of peru
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What is a datum?
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The origin or 0,0 on a site grid
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Artifacts-
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things left over from people
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Ecofact-
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things left over from the environment
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Primary refuse-
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things left over from tools or inedible objects kept at the site of consumption
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Secondary refuse-
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trash that has not been left at the site of consumption
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In situ-
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exposed artifact that has been kept at the site of use
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What is environmental determinism?
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the view that the physical environment sets limits on human environment.
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What is cultural ecology?
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The study of the interrelationships between human groups and environments
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What are foraminifera?
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single-celled protists with shells.
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What is subsistence?
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The ways people go about obtaining the food that they need
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What are the five different types of subsistence patterns?
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Foraging(hunting gathering fishing) Horticulture
Agriculture Pastoralism Industrialism |
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What is hunting and gathering?
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Gaining subsistence directly from the environment, foraging
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What are some of the social characteristics of people who are hunter/gatherers?
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Organized in small groups, kin based, egalitarian, high degree of mobility
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What is horticulture?
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Subsistence strategy the incorporates both hunting and gathering techniques and agriculture techniques
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How is horticultural practiced?
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Horticulture is a process by which a plot of soil is prepared for the planting of seeds, tubers, or cuttings.
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What are some of the social characteristics of people who are horticulturalists?
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Their societies are usually larger and more sedentary than those of foragers but still are at a low technological level and relatively small-scale.
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What is pastoralism?
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people who make their living by tending herds of large animals.
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nomadism
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traditional pastoralists who follow a seasonal migratory pattern that can vary from year to year.
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Transhumance
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a cyclical pattern of migrations made by some pastoralists that usually take them to cool highland valleys in the summer and warmer lowland valleys in the winter.
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What are some of the social characteristics of people who are pastoralists?
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These nomadic societies do not create permanent settlements, but rather they live in tents or other relatively easily constructed dwellings the year round. Pastoralist nomads are usually self-sufficient in terms of food and most other necessities. This is seasonal migration between the same two locations in which they have regular encampments or stable villages often with permanent houses.
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What is agriculture?
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the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and other products used to sustain life.
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What occurred at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition related to subsistence?
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Went from hunters gatherers to agriculturists
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What is the Mesolithic and how were people making a living during the Mesolithic?
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between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. During the Mesolithic, humans learned to hunt in groups and to fish, and began to learn how to domesticate animals and plants.
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What is the Neolithic Revolution?
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the change of human society from being hunter-gatherer-based to being agriculture-based.
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What are cultigens?
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a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans
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How and when did the Neolithic Revolution occur in the Middle East? What were the first plants and animals to be domesticated in the Middle East?
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Rye wheat barley 12kya
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What is domestication? What changes occur to plants with domestication? What changes occur to animals with domestication?
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Domestication means altering the behaviors, size and genetics of animals and plants.
They become much larger |
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How and when did the Neolithic Revolution occur in Africa? What plants and animals were domesticated in Africa? What is independent invention?
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7500ya cattle millet sorghum and rice
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What is independent invention?
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is made when two or more people (or groups of people) invent the same thing without knowledge of what the other is doing.
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How and when did the Neolithic Revolution occur in China? What plants and animals were domesticated in China?
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Yams taro and rice
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How and when did the Neolithic Revolution occur in the Americas? What plants and animals were domesticated in the Americas?
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Potatoes, beans, guinea pigs, squash, sunflowers
Around 7000ya |
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What is political organization?
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The way power is distributed in a society
Economy System of production distribution and consumption of resources |
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What are the three different modes of economy?
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Reciprocity, redistribution and market principle
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What are the four types of ways societies organize themselves (political organization)?
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Bands, Tribal Societies, chiefdoms, states
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What is a band-level society?
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Social organization based on kinship
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What type of subsistence strategy is associated with band-level organization?
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Foraging, hunting and gathering
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Who is the leader of band-level societies?
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They were egalitarian all people were equal
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What is the economy of band-level societies?
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Open access to resources reciprocity
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Are social classes defined in band-level societies?
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No
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What is a tribal-level society?
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Descent groups
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What type of subsistence strategy is associated with tribal-level organization?
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Pastoralists and horticulturalists
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Who is the leader of tribal-level societies?
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The village head
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Are social classes defined in tribal societies?
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No
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What is a tribal-level society?
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Descent groups
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What type of subsistence strategy is associated with tribal-level organization?
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Pastoralists and horticulturalists
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Who is the leader of tribal-level societies?
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The village head
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Are social classes defined in tribal societies?
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No
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What is a chiefdom?
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Permanent political regulation of a territory
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What type of subsistence strategy is associated with chiefdoms?
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Intensive agriculture
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Who is the leader of a chiefdom?
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The chief
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What is the economy of a chiefdom?
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Chiefly redistribution
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How are social classes defined in chiefdoms?
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Seniority of descent, ascribed status, differential access to resources based on kinship
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What is a state?
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Autonomous political unit with social classes and a formal govt. based on law
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How are some characteristics of states?
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Centralized govt. urban centers technological and scientific developments
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What are the four cultural periods of prehistoric Illinois?
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PaleoIndian Period (to 8000 BC), Archaic Period (8000 - 500 BC), The Woodland Period (500 BC-AD 1000), The Mississippian Period (AD 1000 - 1673)
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How is the Paleoindian period characterized?
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These early peoples were organized in small, highly mobile bands which hunted large game animals.
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What were the climatic conditions during the Paleoindian period and how do these climatic conditions relate to Paleoindian subsistence strategies?
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A mountain of global ice, such as elk, bison, and caribou. Now extinct animals such as the mammoth and mastodon were probably hunted at well.
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How is the Archaic period characterized?
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Foragers and had camp site
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What technological advances, including tools and subsistence advances, occurred during the Archaic period?
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large grooved axes, various polished ornaments, and the occasional stemmed and socketed knife blades hammered out of nearly pure copper nuggets.
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How is the Woodland period characterized?
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Arts, villages became more permanent, and trade
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What technological advances occurred during the Woodland period?
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Pottery, burial mounds
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How did subsistence strategies change from the Archaic to the Woodland period?
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Some agriculture but mostly foragers
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How is the Mississippian period characterized?
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Large villages and cemeteries think Cahokia
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What was the political organization of Mississippian societies?
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Chief was in charge
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What was the subsistence strategy of Mississippian people?
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Agriculture and hunting and gathering
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What were the three main plant cultigens?
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Maize, bean, squash
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What are some of the technological advances during the Mississippian period?
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Cooking pots bow and arrow
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What were the Mississippian people’s ritual views?
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That the chief was the brother of the sun god
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