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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hockett's theory of language evolution
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2 steps: 1) blending (prelanguage); 2) duality of patterning
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blending
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when human ancestors began to produce new calls by combining 2 old ones
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prelanguage
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language of human ancestors through blending
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duality of patterning
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human ancestors acquired ability to produce arrangements of blended sounds
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when did language emerge?
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150,000 yrs ago w/ appearance of modern human beings
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3 ways human language different from animal communication
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conventionality, productivity, displacement
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conventionality
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association btwn meaningful sequence of sounds and an object, action, or idea
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productivity
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idea that humans can combine words and sounds into new meaningful utterances they have never before heard
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displacement
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ability of language to convey info about something not in immediate environment
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critical period of language
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up till 6-7 years in children
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universal grammar
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basic set of principles, conditions, and rules that form foundations of all languages; led by Noam Chomsky
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descriptive/structural linguistics
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study of structure and content of specific languages; language can be separated from social context
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4 subsystems of language
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phonology (system of sounds); morphology (system for creating words form sounds); syntax (system of rules for combining words into meaningful sentences); semantics (system that relates words to meaning)
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phones
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any sound used as part of a human language
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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
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records different sounds in language
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phoneme
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smallest sound uit that distinguishes meaning w/in a given language
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allophones
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2 phones indicating same phoneme
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morpheme
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smallest unit of a language that has a meaning
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bound morpheme
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unit of meaning that must be associated w/another
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free morpheme
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can stand alone as a word
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word
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smallest part of sentence that can be said alone and still retain its meaning
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isolating language
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language with relatively few morphemes per word, fairly simple rules for combining them; ex: English, Chinese
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agglutinating language
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allows great number of morphemes per word and has highly regular rules for combinng them; ex: Turkish
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synthetic language
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words w/many morphemes and complex, highly irregular rules for combination; ex: Mohawk, Inuktitut
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lexicon
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total stock of words in a language
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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hypothesis that perceptions and understandings of time, space, and matter are conditioned by structure of a language
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sociolinguistics
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focuses on speech performance
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dialects
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grammatical constructions that deviate from those used by socially dominant group in society
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pidgins
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a language of contact and trade composed of features of original languages of 2 or more societies
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creole
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first language that is composed of elements of 2 or more different languages.
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African American/Black Vernacular English (AAVE/BVE); Ebonics
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form of English spoken by blacks, especially in rural or urban working-class backgrounds
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African American/Black Vernacular English (AAVE/BVE); Ebonics
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form of English spoken by blacks, especially in rural or urban working-class backgrounds
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code switching
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ability of speakers of multiple languages to move seamlessly between them
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fields of nonverbal communication
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artifacts, haptics, chronemics, proxemics, kinesics
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code switching
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ability of speakers of multiple languages to move seamlessly between them
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haptics
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study/analysis of touch
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fields of nonverbal communication
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artifacts, haptics, chronemics, proxemics, kinesics
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chronemics
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study of different ways cultures understand time and use it to communicate
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haptics
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study/analysis of touch
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proxemics
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study of cultural use of interpersonal space
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chronemics
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study of different ways cultures understand time and use it to communicate
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proxemics
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study of cultural use of interpersonal space
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kinesics
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study of body position, movement, facial expressions, and gaze
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historical linguistics
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concerned w/discovering histories of languages
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kinesics
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study of body position, movement, facial expressions, and gaze
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comparative lingustics
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science of documenting relationshiops between languages and grouping them into language factories
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core vocabulary
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list of 100 or 200 terms that designate things, actions, and activities, likely to be named in all the world's languages
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glottochronology
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statistical technique that linguists have developed to estimate date of separation of related languages
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sex
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biological difference between male and female
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historical linguistics
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concerned w/discovering histories of languages
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comparative lingustics
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science of documenting relationshiops between languages and grouping them into language factories
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gender
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cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories that seem reasonable and appropriat
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core vocabulary
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list of 100 or 200 terms that designate things, actions, and activities, likely to be named in all the world's languages
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androcentric
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male-centered
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glottochronology
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statistical technique that linguists have developed to estimate date of separation of related languages
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cultural construction of gender
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idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting w/in each culture
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sex
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biological difference between male and female
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gender
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cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories that seem reasonable and appropriat
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androcentric
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male-centered
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cultural construction of gender
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idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting w/in each culture
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gender
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cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories that seem reasonable and appropriate
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androcentric
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male-centered
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cultural construction of gender
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idea that gender characteristics are result of historical, economic, and political forces acting w/in each culture
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xanith
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alternative gender role of Oman on the Saudi Arabian peninsula
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two-spirit role
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alternative gender role in native North America
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mahu
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alternative gender role in Tahiti
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hijra
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alternative gender role in India conceptualized as neither man nor woman
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manhood puzzle
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question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won through overcoming obstacles
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machismo
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cultural construction of hypermasculinity as essential to male gender rol
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gender role
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cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including division of labor
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gender hierarchy
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ways in whch gendered activities and attributes are differentially valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society; not universal
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private/public dichotomy
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gender system in which women's status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with home and children, while men are identified with public, prestigious economic and politcal roles
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religion
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social process that helps to order society and provide its members with meaningful unity, peace of mind, and the degree of control over events they believe is possible
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cosmology
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system of beliefs that deals w/fundamental questions in religious and social order
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sacred narratives
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stories held to be holy and true by members of religious tradition; tell of historical events, heroes, spritis, and origin of all things
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anthropomorphic
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having human shape
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zoomorphic
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having animal shape
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naturalism
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endowing features of natural world, such as rivers and mountains, with spirit, soul, or other supernatural characteristics
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anthropopsychic
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having though processes and emotions similar to humans
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god
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named spirit who is believed to have created or to control some aspect of world
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polytheism
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belief in many gods
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monotheism
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belief in one god
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trickster
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supernatural entity that doe snot act in bet interest of humans
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mana
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religious powr or energy that is concentrated in idnividuals or objects
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ritual
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patterned act that involves manipulation of religious symbols
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rite of passage
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ritual that marks a person's transition from one status to another
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separation
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first stage of a rit of passage in which individuals are removed from their community or status
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liminal
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stage of ritual, particularly rite of passage, in which individuals are removed from community or status
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reincorporation
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3rd phase of rite of passage during which participants are returned to community w/new status
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communitas
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state of perceived solidarity, equality, unity among poeple sharing a religious ritual, often characterized by intense emotion
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antistructure
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socially sanctioned use of behvior that radically violates social norms; found in religious ritual
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rite of intensification
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ritual structured to reinforce values and norms of a community and to strengthen group identity
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totem
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animal, plant, or other aspect of natl. world held to be ancestral or to have other intimate relationship with members of a group
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totemism
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religious practices centered around totems
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prayer
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any communication between people and spirits or gods in which people praise, plead, or request w/o assurance of results
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sacrifice
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offering made to increase efficacy of prayer or the religious purity of indiv.
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magic
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religious ritual believed to prouce mechanical effect by supernatural means; believers think it must have desired effect if done correctly
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imitative magic
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belief that imitating an action in a religious ritual will cause the action to happen in material world (ex: voodoo)
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contagious magic
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belief thta things once in contact w/person or object retain invisible connection w/that person or object
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divination
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religious ritual performed to find hidden objects or information
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scapulomancy
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divination using shoulder blade of animal
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shaman
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indiv. socially recognized as having ability to medite btw world of humanity and world of gods or spirits, but who i snot recognized official of any religious organization
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vision quest
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practice common among many Native America groups in which individuals seek to achieve direct contact w/supernatural
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pharmacopoeia
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collection of preparations used as medications
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priest
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formally elected/appointed to full-time religious office
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witchcraft
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ability to harm others by harboring malevolent thoughts about them; practice of sorcery
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sorcery
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conscious and intentional use of magic
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Wiccan/neopagan
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member of new religion that claims descent from pre-Christian nature worship; modern-day witchcraft
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nativism
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religious movement that aims to resotr ea golden age believed to have existed in past
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vitalism
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religious movement that looks toward creation of utopian future that does not resemble a golden past
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revitalization movement
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movement that proposes society can be improved through adoption of set of new religious beliefs
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messianic
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focusin on coming of individual who will usher in a utopian world
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millenarian
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one who believes that a coming catastrophe will signal the beginning of a new age and the eventual establishment of paradise
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syncretism
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merging of elements of 2 or more religious traditions to produce a new religion
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oricha
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Yoruba deity identified w/a Catholic saint in Vodou and Santeria
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Ghost Dance
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Native American religious movement of late 19th century
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Native American Church
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religious revitalization movement among Native Americans, also known as Peyote religion
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