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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prokaryotic cells |
single celled organisms: bacteria + algae |
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eukaryotic cells |
multi-dimensional, carbohydrates + lipids + nucleus acids + proteins |
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organelles |
nucleus + Nuclear membrane + cytoplasm + cellular membrane |
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mtDNA |
Mitochondrial DNA, conducts mitochondrial activity, only inherited from the mother |
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ribosome |
location of protein synthesis Protien manufacturing plant |
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somatic cells |
body cells |
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gametes |
sex cells - ova + sperm |
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zygote |
fertilized egg, contains 46 chromosomes w/ potential to develop into a human |
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Discovered DNA structure |
Watson + Crick in 1953 |
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nucleotide |
Basic DNA unit, composed of a sugar + phosphate + DNA base |
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nitrogenous bases of DNA |
A - adenine C - cytosine G - guanine T - Thymine |
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Types of proteins |
hemoglobin hormones structural enzymes |
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protein formation |
triplets of amino acids -> peptide bonds -> polypeptide chains -> proteins -> |
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DNA |
made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
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RNA |
Messenger RNA, formed in nucleus - but can leave the nucleus to the ribosome, single-stranded + different sugar + Uracil not Thymine |
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transceiption |
formation of mRNA |
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tRNA |
Brings amino acids to the ribosome, in charge! |
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gene |
sequence of DNA bases specifying amino acids in a protein, or portion of a protein |
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exons |
segments of genes involved in protein synthesis, only about 2% |
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introns |
Segments deleted from protein synthesis |
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genome |
Entire genetic makeup of an individual or species |
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regulatory gene |
makes molecules influencing the activity of other jeans |
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regulatory gene |
makes molecules influencing the activity of other jeans |
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homeobox genes |
regulatory gene + maintained through evolutionary history |
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chromosomes |
structures of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of cells |
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parts of a chromosome |
centromere chromatid single strand made of a sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base |
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parts of a chromosome |
centromere chromatid single strand made of a sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base |
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autosomes |
all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes |
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sex chromosomes |
x + y in humans |
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mitosis |
simple cell division where to body cells divide and produce two identical daughter cells |
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mitosis |
simple cell division where to body cells divide and produce two identical daughter cells |
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meisois |
cell division in sex cells: involves two divisions, results in four daughter cells - each with 23 chromosomes |
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reduction |
The acceptance of only 23 chromosomes when gametes are created during meiosis |
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recombination |
during meiosis when cells trade information, source of genetic variation in populations |
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nondisjunction |
during meiosis one chromosome strands don’t separate causing the presence of an additional affected chromosomes |
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polymerase chain reaction |
method of producing thousands of copies of a DNA sample, used by geneticists |
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haploid |
Number of individual chromosomes in a gamete |
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diploid |
Number of paired chromosomes in a gamete |
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homologous pairs |
identical and unique to any other pair of chromosomes |
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gene loci |
specific location where specific gene resides |
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modern synthesis |
merging of natural selection + mutatian as the driving factors of evolution |
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mtDNA |
breaks down ATP the food for DNA |
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Selective breeding |
One breeders shoes which individuals are allowed to mate based on traits hopeful to produce in the offspring |
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allele |
varying form of a gene |
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polygenic trait |
treat with a range of phenotypes, i.e. hair color, skin color, eye color |
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Mendelian trait |
a ‘this or that’ trait |
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Mendels purebred plants |
Little variation between generations self fertilization protected from outside pollination |
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principle of segregation |
Mendels first principle of inheritance: genes/alleles occur in pairs because chromosomes occur in pairs |
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Mendels first Law |
Principle of segregation genes/alleles occur in pairs because chromosomes occur in pairs |
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Recessive and Dominant |
Alleles that do or don’t governor treat, for recessive to be expressed an individual must have two copies |
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Homozygous |
having the same allele at the same locus |
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Homozygous |
having the same allele at the same locus |
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Heterozygous |
having different alleles at the same locus |
