Anth 2150 Test 1

Front 1

How many languages are there in the world?

Back 1

Approximately 6000

Front 2

Cultural relativism

Back 2

Studying another culture as though you were a member of the society; non-judgmental way of understanding a society

Front 3

What kind of people have the smallest environmental footprint?

Back 3

Hunters and gatherers

Front 4

Environmental footprint

Back 4

how societies affect/destroy the environment

Front 5

What are the 4 island groups in the Philippines where the Ati Negritos live?

Back 5

Luzon, Palawan, Western Visayas, and Mindanao

Front 6

What is the largest social unit of hunters and gatherers?

Back 6

The band

Front 7

What kind of leaders do band societies have?

Back 7

No formal leaders, although there may be informal leaders/spokesmen. People are basically free to do what they want.

Front 8

What is the Ati religion?

Back 8

Shamanism and animism. These beliefs tend to give them more respect for their environment.

Front 9

Animism

Back 9

Belief that spirits inhabit all parts of creation

Front 10

How do the Ati hunt?

Back 10

They use very well trained dogs to locate and retrieve game. They have to go very far from their settlements now because there are more people in one area hunting for game.

Front 11

What kind of things do the Ati hunt?

Back 11

Monitor lizards (halo), snakes; women hunt for turtles and mussels/clams, etc.

Front 12

Why do many Ati use slingshots to hunt instead of the traditional bows and arrows?

Back 12

Bows and arrows are very difficult to conceal, and the Philippinos became hostile when they saw Ati walking around their villages on their way to hunt - they felt that the Ati were poaching. Slingshots are much easier to hide so the Philippinos don't know when they are going hunting.

Front 13

What is one way in which Ati make cash?

Back 13

Selling bush medicine to Philippinos - however, doing this means they have to settle in one spot and stop hunting and gathering. They sell bottles of herbs and coconut oil as "witchcraft detectors".

Front 14

Why do the Ati never stay in a Philippino town overnight?

Back 14

They believe that witches are only among the Philippinos

Front 15

What is the major threat on Boracay Island?

Back 15

This is a major tourist destination, and resorts are being built all over the island, leaving little room for the Ati to live.

Front 16

What group did Kirk and Karen Endicott study?

Back 16

The Batek, a group of Orang Asli from Malaysia

Front 17

Who are the Orang Asli?

Back 17

The original peoples of Malaysia (Orang = man or being; Asli = ancestral/old/original)

Front 18

What is an Asian Tiger country?

Back 18

The Tigers are economically and socially progressive countries with a preoccupation with economic development and GNP.

Front 19

Where are the Orang Asli found in Malaysia?

Back 19

Mostly concentrated in the interior, with the Malay people living along the coast

Front 20

What was the original relationship between the Malays and the Orang Asli?

Back 20

Friendly co-existence based on trade. They called each other "sakai" (friends)

Front 21

When did Malay leaders adopt Islam?

Back 21

15th century

Front 22

What state structures emerged after the adoption of Islam?

Back 22

Citizenship was granted only to Muslims, who were considered the only true Malaysians. Slavery of non-Muslims was allowed, so the Orang Asli fled into isolation.

Front 23

When was slavery abolished in Malaysia?

Back 23

In the 1920's

Front 24

When did British colonization in Malaysia begin and end?

Back 24

Began in the 18th century and ended in 1957 with Malaysian independence

Front 25

What did the British economy favour?

Back 25

Immigration of Chinese and Indian plantation workers

Front 26

The Emergency

Back 26

1948-1960. This period was characterized by a growing fear of communism and alliances between communists and Orang Asli

Front 27

Why were the Malaysians so worried about communist infiltration and civil war?

Back 27

During this time, the Vietnam and Korean wars were occurring. The Malaysians feared they would go the way of their neighbouring countries

Front 28

NPA

Back 28

New People's Army. Revolutions. There were pockets of them in the mountains, and some allied with the local Orang Asli groups

Front 29

Aboriginal Peoples' Act

Back 29

1954. The Orang Asli were recognized as Aboriginal people, but subjected to increasing assimilation pressure

Front 30

Wardship principle

Back 30

the Orang Asli were considered "immature" and unfinished citizens because of their refusal to assimilate, especially to convert to Islam. They are still today considered wards of the state.

Front 31

What was the government's response to the environmental degradation after the 1960s?

Back 31

FELDA program (federal land development authority): plantations were set aside for landless peasants to look after the land. Beneficiaries of this program were almost all ethnic Malays.

Front 32

Regroupment policy

Back 32

Initiated in 1978. Orang Asli were resettled on plantation land in model communities built by the government. They had access to the land but could not own it, since they are wards of the state. The goal was to settle them down and convert them to Islam - assimilate them.

Front 33

What were some results of the FELDA program?

Back 33

Loss of traditional territories, erosion of traditional economy, growing dependence on the state, growing social problems, and internal colonization. However, resistance to Islam continues.

Front 34

The Headman was a Woman

Back 34

Classic ethnographic monograph/case study dedicated to a single society where the authors conducted field work based on participant observation. 1971-2004, with emphasis on 1975.

Front 35

Why was The Headman was a Woman important?

Back 35

It contributes to scientific knowledge about gender relations and is a historical/archival record, including photographs of family members and ancestors, which could them get recognition and self-government.

Front 36

What group do the Batek belong to?

Back 36

The Semang subcategory of the Orang Asli

Front 37

How many Batek are there?

Back 37

about 800

Front 38

What kind of society do the Batek have?

Back 38

Non-competitive gender egalitarian

Front 39

What is a competitive egalitarian society?

Back 39

Informal leaders can gather support and followers by persuasion and generosity, but are not allowed to coerce people into following them. These leaders are often called "Big Men". Examples are societies in Papua New Guinea and the Potlach in BC.

Front 40

What is generalized reciprocity?

Back 40

giving without the expectation of receiving, even for handicapped or infirm members of society.

Front 41

How was the Batek society egalitarian?

Back 41

No formal leaders, everyone joins whatever camp group they want, no coercion or aggression allowed, no private ownership of land or resources (everyone has equal access), and gender equality

Front 42

How was the Batek society gender egalitarian?

Back 42

Complete symmetry between men and women, likely because women were independent of men - they could do anything the men could do, even limited hunting, so they didn't have to rely on the men. Physiological differences were acknowledged though, so men usually hunted and women usually gathered.

Front 43

How did the Endicotts prove that the Batek society was gender egalitarian?

Back 43

Positivist methods: quantitative evidence for core arguments. The researchers measured male and female productivity, including the amount of food each person brought in every day

Front 44

What are some modern threats to the Batek way of life?

Back 44

Hydro-electric projects, logging, tourism (building resorts and golf courses), etc.