Anth 203 Test 2

Front 1

There are 4 types of subsistence

Back 1

-Hunting and gathering
-horticulture
-pastoralism
-agriculture

Front 2

Have obtained food for 99% of the time that humans have been on the earth

Back 2

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 3

Norm

Back 3

Cultural standards or guidelines that enable individuals to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate behavior

Front 4

Folkways

Back 4

behaviors that are socially approved but not morally significant

Front 5

Mores

Back 5

Norms of morality

Front 6

Taboos

Back 6

Behaviors that are forbidden by a culture

Front 7

Laws

Back 7

Formal body of rules enforced by the state

Front 8

Hegemony

Back 8

The internalization of dominant ideology

Cultural predominance of one culture upon others

Front 9

Shame and Gossip

Back 9

-Informal processes of social control
-Small-scale societies effectively use these
-Igbo Womens war

Front 10

Market Principle

Back 10

Profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states

Front 11

Redistribution

Back 11

The movement of goods, services, or their equivalent from the local level to the center

Front 12

Reciprocity (3 types)

Back 12

- Generalized reciprocity

- Balanced Reciprocity

- Negative Reciprocity

Front 13

Generalized reciprocity

Back 13

- Purest form of reciprocity
- Characteristic of exchanges between closely related people
- A person gives another person something and does not expect anything immediate in return

Front 14

Balanced Reciprocity

Back 14

- Social distance increases as does the need to reciprocate
- A person gives someone something and expect something in return
- May not be immediate but it should occur at some point
- Needs to be something of equal worth

Front 15

Negative Reciprocity

Back 15

- Social distance is greatest and reciprocation is most calculated
- Involves the attempt to get something for as little as possible
- Cheating and deceit may take place

Front 16

Authority

Back 16

The socially approved use of power

Front 17

Power

Back 17

The ability to exercise ones will over another

Front 18

Prestige

Back 18

Esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary

Front 19

Social Control

Back 19

Fields of the social system (beliefs, practices, institutions) that are most actively involved in the maintenance of any norms and the regulation of any conflict.

-Internalized Social Control

-Externalized Social Control

Front 20

Internalized Social Control

Back 20

- Self imposed, personal sense of morality
- Bands and tribes heavily rely on this form of social control

Front 21

Externalized Social Control

Back 21

- Designed to encourage conformity to social norms

Front 22

Igbo Womens War

Back 22

-November-December 1929

-feminist and anti-colonial protest.

Front 23

Arbitration

Back 23

- Neutral third party
- Doesn’t make decisions but does offer suggestions
- Parties either come to an agreement, or agreement is reached by group consensus

Front 24

Adjudication

Back 24

Neutral 3rd party who decides guilt/innocence and punishment

Front 25

Trials by Ordeal

Back 25

Innocence or guild proven through tests

Front 26

Sex

Back 26

refers to anatomy

Front 27

Gender

Back 27

refers to learned culture and physiological attributes

Front 28

Sexual Dimorphism

Back 28

phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species

(Men have more hair, women have breasts)

Front 29

Gender Roles

Back 29

Tasks and activities a culture assigns to the sexes

Front 30

Gender stereotypes

Back 30

Oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females

Front 31

Gender stratification

Back 31

Unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom) between men and some, reflecting their different positions in social hierarchy

Front 32

Eunuch

Back 32

Castrated man who served as an attendant to harems in Byzantium

Front 33

Hijras

Back 33

Third sex/gender in Indian society. They maintain low social statuses but they are essential in social events

Front 34

Berdache

Back 34

A male who adopts social roles traditionally assigned to women and through performance of a third gender role, contributes to the social and spiritual well-being of a community as a whole

Front 35

Fakaleiti

Back 35

Tongan men who behave like women

Front 36

Fa’afafine

Back 36

Samoan men who adopt female attributes

Front 37

Sexual Orientation

Back 37

A persons habitual sexual attraction to, and activities with, persons of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both sexes (bisexuality); also the lack of attraction (asexuality)

Front 38

Economy

Back 38

A system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

Front 39

Have obtained food for 99% of the time that humans have been on the earth

Back 39

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 40

Environment: Marginal Settings

-Desert: Australian aborigines, the Kung bushmen of the Kalahari, and the Inuit in the arctic desert

-Jungle: Aka in central Africa and a few small bands in the South American amazon.

Back 40

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 41

Division by labor - by age and gender

Back 41

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 42

Nomadic - foragers have to keep moving. Need to follow game migration and find new plant foods to eat. Food varies by season - streams and water holes may dry up, tundra thaws, etc.

Back 42

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 43

Families - Couples are monogamous with relatively few children

Back 43

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 44

Economics:
Trade with outside groups in minimal. Within group exchange is through reciprocity (sharing). No individual differences in wealth

Back 44

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 45

Government:
Egalitarian - everyone is equal and there is no hierarchy

Back 45

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 46

Political organization - Bands

Back 46

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 47

Religion - There is no concept of one God who is more powerful that another God or lesser God-like creatures (i.e. - saints and angels)

Back 47

Hunting & Gathering (Foraging)

Front 48

Neolithic farming

Back 48

Horticulture

Front 49

people who grow many kinds of crops for their own consumption

Back 49

Horticulturists

Front 50

Swidden shifting = slash and burn. More common type of cultivation practiced in tropics in rainforest areas

Back 50

Horticulture

Front 51

Environment:
Areas where soil can only produce on a small scale, (i.e. - very wet or very dry)
Dry lands horticulture: Desert SW. Lived on Mesas, then far, in flooded valleys

Back 51

Horticulture

Front 52

Families:
Similar to what we are used to: Mother, Father, and some kids. Divorce is an option

Back 52

Horticulture

Front 53

Economics:
Varies. Limited ownership of property. Reciprocity and some trade. Status differences

Back 53

Horticulture

Front 54

Government:
Varies from headman (basically egalitarian) to chiefdoms

Back 54

Horticulture

Front 55

Political Organization:
Tribes to chiefdoms

Back 55

Horticulture

Front 56

Religion:
Ceremonial worship of gods. Great spiritual beings who personify major forces of nature of concern to food producers ( i.e. - God of wind, rain, sun, plant and animal fertility, land. war, etc.)

Back 56

Horticulture

Front 57

Herders - people whose activities focus on domesticated animals (ex. cattle, sheep, goat, camels, tai, reindeer)

Back 57

Pastoralism

Front 58

- Consume meat, blood, and milk
- Can make byproducts such as yogurt, butter and cheese
- May supplement their diet by hunting, gathering, dishing, cultivating, or trading

Back 58

Pastoralism

Front 59

Environment:
Some live on arid, rocky (usually mountainous) land where rocks prevent intensive gardening but grass can grow through for animals to graze on.
Some live in savannas that aren’t exactly rocky but only grass can grow there

Back 59

Pastoralism

Front 60

Settlement:
Nomadic or have seasonal settlements. Ensures enough food for animals. May practice transhumance

Back 60

Pastoralism

Front 61

Family:
Extended families, polygyny occurs with wealth

Back 61

Pastoralism

Front 62

Community:
Large bands or tribes (extended families). Have to keep communities small but can be bigger than foragers

Back 62

Pastoralism

Front 63

Economics:
Barter and market

Back 63

Pastoralism

Front 64

Government:
Hierarchical in age and wealth. Have chiefs. Personal independence

Back 64

Pastoralism

Front 65

Political Organization:
Large bands, tribes, and chiefdoms

Back 65

Pastoralsim

Front 66

Religion:
Most are Hindu, Christian, Muslim, some have many Gods. Monotheism (large scale) Polytheism (small scale)

Back 66

Pastoralism

Front 67

Intensive and continuous use of land to cultivate crops

Back 67

Agriculture

Front 68

Environment:
-Live on the best soil in places with moderate rain
-They can get a constant yield by plowing, fertilizing and irrigating and rarely let their land go un-planted

Back 68

Agriculture

Front 69

Settlement:
permanently in one location usually

Back 69

Agriculture

Front 70

Family:
Traditionally large but have become smaller with industrialization

Back 70

Agriculture

Front 71

Community:
Rural to urban living

Back 71

Agriculture

Front 72

Economics:
Market economy

Back 72

Agriculture

Front 73

Government:
Large with one primary leader and a hierarchy or statesmen

Back 73

Agriculture

Front 74

Political Organization:
State

Back 74

Agriculture

Front 75

Religion:
The worlds “great religions”: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism. Monotheism

Back 75

Agriculture

Front 76

Political Organization

Back 76

Large bands, tribes, and chiefdoms