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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Branches of linguistics
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- Descriptive - Structural - Historical - Sociolinguistics/Pragmatics |
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Anthropological linguistics
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Combines all branches of linguistics Holistic approach that connects language and culture |
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Characteristics of Language
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- Conventional & Symbolic - Productive - Allows for displacement - Allows accumulation of knowledge & its transmission through space & time |
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Semiotics
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Anatomy of a symbol Signifier + Signified = Sign |
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Onomatopoeia
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Words indicative of sounds Ex: Woof, ribbit, meow |
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Parts of descriptive linguistics
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- Phones - Phonemes - Morphemes - Syntax - Grammar |
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Phonology
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Study of speech sounds
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Phones
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Speech sounds
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Phonemes
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Minimal sounds that make a difference in meaning Ex: Ship vs. Sip [sh] vs [s] |
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Allophones |
Two or more phones that belong to the same phoneme
Phonemes vs. letters
tomato vs. tomahto |
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Morphology
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Study of speech sounds that carry meaning
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Morpheme |
Smallest unit of language that has meaning Ex: prefixes & suffixes |
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Syntax
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Patterns of rules for ordering words |
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Grammar
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Formal structure of language
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Proxemics
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Study of social space Non-verbal elements of speech |
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Kinesics
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Body language, generally universal
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Paralanguage
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Modifications of sound with meaning EX: volume, pitch, tempo, laughter, sighing |
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Semantics
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Meaning system of a language
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Lexicon |
Inventory of meanings |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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Content & structure of a language's meanings influence perception, thought & world views "Words label reality" |
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Semantic domains |
Structure thoughts, knowledge & reality |
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What is religion
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Encounters with the non-empirical
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Animism
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All objects are imbued with spirit
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Animatism
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Mana & Taboo Light/Dark; Good/Evil |
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Mana
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Impersonal life energy "The Force" |
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Taboo
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Set apart, sacred, off-limits ritual restriction
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Functions of religion
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Reduce anxiety, control, emotion, risk
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Cosmology
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Framework for interpreting events & experiences
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Witchcraft
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Physical aspect of a person
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Sorcery
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Conscious manipulation of words &/or ritual objects to produce a result
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Prayer
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Supplication
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Types of magic
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- Contagious vs. Imitative - Divination |
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Characteristics of Religion
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- Sacred stories - Use of symbols & symbolism - Proposes existence of non-empirical beings, places & qualities - Ritual & specific ways to address the "beyond" - Experts or specialist practitioners - Dynamic |
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Myths
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- Explain cosmos - Legitimate stability or instigate change - Mediates contradictions, oppositions & the unknown |
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Deity |
Spirit believe to have created or have control over some aspect of the world
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Ritual
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- Ceremonial act or repeated gesture - Set apart from "mundane time" - Involves use of sacred symbolism |
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Rights of passage
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- Separation - Liminality: reversals, antistructure & communitas - Reincorporation |
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Metakinesis
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Trancing
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Extreme omnivory benefits
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- Generalist subsistence - Wide resource base - Wide range - Buffer against change |
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Hyperomnivory
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Not poisonous = edible
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Modern diets - Appearance vs. Reality
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Appearance: Remarkable diversity Reality: Illusion of choice - mostly refined starch, salt, sugar, and animal fats |
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Semantic domains |
Structuring of thoughts |
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Sociolinguistics |
- Speech communities - dialects - code-switching - symbolic captial - gendered speech |
