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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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james ussher |
interpreted bible as literal series of events arch bishop |
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james hutton (3) |
theory of the earth principle of uniformitarianism noted formation of sedimentary rock in scotland |
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principle of uniformitarianism |
laws of nature are constant speed of light and gravity don't change |
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charles lyell (5) |
principles of geology best selling author documented antiquity of earth (but not humans) advanced study of stratigraphy speculated stone tools |
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nicholas steno |
law of superposition: in undisturbed sequence layers on the bottom are the oldest |
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charles darwin (4) |
origin of the species influences geologists (lyell) ideas of population gradual evolution of plants + animals (not humans still) natural selection: survival of fittest |
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jacques boucher de perthes (4) |
human antiquity stone tools recovered w/ ancient animals (ppl willing to accept ancient animals but not humans) not accepted intially (ppl thought was hoax) |
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john lubbock (4) |
scholar coined term neolithic: new stone age applied darwin concepts to archaeological record saw progress as inevitable and unilinear: would follow same trend |
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tim white |
found ardi in aramis, ethiopia |
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donald johanson |
found lucy |
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mary leakey (2) |
discovered laetoli footprints in tanzania bipedalism evidence in a. afarensis |
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louis leakey |
w/ mary discovered homo habilis: 1st stone tool maker |
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richard & maeve leakey |
discovered turkana boy (nariokotome boy) along take rukana in rift valley most complete specimen |
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charles jürgensen thomsen |
developed 3 age system: stone, bronze, iron age not used in america |
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raymond dart |
found taung child |
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ralph holloway |
suggested that brain endocast shows enhanced communications |
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daniel lieberman |
suggests h. erectus was endurancer runner lack of body hair allowed sweat precision hunt prey- run until prey was tired |
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richard wrangham |
suggest h. erectus used fire to cook food to make more digestible and enabled social relationships to form at more complex level |
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abbot henry breuil |
hunting magic theory cave art ensures successful hunt animals hurt by arrows/spears food animals rarely represented |
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lewis-williams and dowson |
cave art suggested shamanistic rituals in preparation for hunt based on ethonographic study of art is s. africa hallucinatory images produces during a trance |
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"robot" |
dog discovered lascaux dorgogne (french cave art) studied by abbott henry breuil |
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jean marie |
chauvet france great emphasis on carnivores |
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william king |
homo neanderthalensis determine feldholder skull from germany was new species of homo names after neander valley in germ |
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marcellin boule |
annales de paleontology depicted neanderthals as ugly and brutish now neanderthals thought of as intelligent, skillful and sophisticated |
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a. ramidus (4) |
facultative bipedalism small brain decreased sexual dimorphism (sexes are similar) divergent big toe |
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a. afarensis (4) |
bipedal small cranial capacity (similar to chimps) long arms relative to legs pronounced sexual dimorphism
lucy & laetoli footprints |
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a. africanus |
similar to a. afarensis but with bigger brain more similar to modern humans
taung child |
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taung child |
south africa discovered by raymond dart determined to be non ape b/c of cranial capacity and position of foramen magnum |
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foramen magnum |
hole in base of skull moves to middle as evolution occurs and become more bipedal |
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ardi |
most complete a. ramidus discovered by tim white 2.8 mya |
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lucy |
most complete specimen of a. afarensis discovered by donald johanson 3 mya
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turkana boy / nariokotome boy |
discovered by richard and maeve leakey lake turkana in rift valley, africa most complete specimen of h. erectus shows caring of society. had jaw absess that he could not live with w/o help from others |
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h. habilis |
first stone tool maker 2.5- 1.6 mya studied by louis and mary leakey oluvai gorge, tanzania associated w/ oldowan tool industry |
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h. erectus |
first species to migrate from africa enhanced communication (brain endocasts) hunter, fire user, tool maker, enhanced social relationships hand axe (requires skill, forethought, mental template) endurance runner caring society (took care of disabled) |
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h. heidelbergensis |
only western europe til 500,000 yrs ago neanderthals thought to have come from |
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h. neanderthalensis |
large cranial capacity arctic body (short limbs, decrease skin surface area) intentional burials (group sharing and caring) extinct by 42 kya interbreeding possible with h. sapiens then replaced by h. sapiens
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neanderthal hunting |
mousterian tool technology thrusting spears (not projectiles) no divison of labor b/w sexes meat heavy diet |
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neanderthal mating behaviors |
el sidrón cave patrilocal mating couple lives near/with male's parents |
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h. sapiens |
modern humans upper paleolithic time period wiped out neanderthals tropic body proportions (long distal limbs, bigger surface area for heat dissipation) |
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armais |
ethiopia 4.4 mya ardi (most complete a ramidus) |
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hadar |
ethiopia 3 mya lucy (a. afarensis) |
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laetoli |
tanzania 3.8 mya footprints (mary leakey. bipedal. a farensis) |
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olduvai gorge |
tanzania 2 mya homo habilis (first stone tools. louis and mary leakey) |
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taung |
south africa 2.8 mya taung child (a. africanus) raymond dart |
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dolni vestonice |
czech republic 25 kya mammoth cache- killed and consumed by humans old women skull covered in red and buried under mammoth shoulders |
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lascaux |
france 17k - 18k cave art robot dog abbot henry breuil intelligence and linguistics ceremonies and rituals |
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chauvet |
france 30k - 32k emphasis on carnivores jean marie |
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feldhofer grotto |
germany william king found neanderthal skull new species |
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neander valley |
germany n. neanderthalensis named after |
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tabun, shanidar, la ferraissie |
intentional burials shows sharing and caring |
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el sidrón cave |
spain 49k neanderthals with same/ diff DNA suggest patrilocal mating couples lives near male's parents |
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oldowan industry |
basal paleolithic (beneath lower) h. habilis very slow to change simple and casual butchery and marrow extraction first stone tools (hammer stones) |
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acheulian industry |
lower paleolithic h. erectus more tools than oldowan hand axe |
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mousterian industry |
middle paleolithic h. neanderthalensis hand axe + new tools thrusting spears (not projectiles) no division b/w male and female roles meat heavy diet |
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hand axe |
lower paleolithic signature tool of h. erectus requires skill, forethought, mental template |
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blade |
upper paleolithic h. sapiens |
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atlatl |
upper paleolithic h. sapiens spear thrower (now projectiles) could hunt from further distances |
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feldhofer skull |
new species of homo discovered by william king |
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venus figurines |
upper paleolithic naked women relatively realistic no ears, face, hands or feet representation of fertility goddess |
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potassium-argon dating |
requires volcanic layers measures w/ K-40 and Ar-40 used w/ stratigraphy non volcanic |
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context |
the in situ (in position) location and associations of finds in 3D |
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stratigraphy |
layers of cultural and natural materials accumulate on top of another |
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archaeology |
the systematic, scientific study of the human past based on the investigation of material culture and context |
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methods for finding sites |
pedestrian test pitting geophysical survey aerial reconnaissance oblique photography remote sensing |
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archaeology specialties |
archaeobotanists: plants pottery/ceramics lithics (stone tools) zoo archaeology: animals geoarchaeology: sediments dating (absolute age) |
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horizontal emphasis |
spatial over a big area |
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vertical emphasis |
goes deep down shows different time periods stratigraphy shows layers |
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absolute dating |
provides exact date. can be expensive |
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relative dating |
provides sequence of change. can be used w/ absolute dating |
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processual archaeology |
evolutionary and scientific perspective seeks universal laws of social change sees societies as systems environment and technology most important |
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post-processual archaeology |
towards postmodernism more particular and less universal uncertainty towards science focus on role of individuals not systems |
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bipedalism |
standing on 2 legs |
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bergmann's law |
colder climate = Bigger Bodies |
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allen's law |
colder climates = short distal extremities |
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cave art |
painting, drawings engraving, carving 1000s of years superimposed animals biggest item 1 human per cave signs no landscape or plants |
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portable art |
engraved antler, bone, ivory figurines made of ivory, soft stone, bakey clay (venus figures) ornaments: teeth and shell pendants instruments |
