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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Basic Classification System |
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Human Classification |
Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primate Family - Hominidae Genus - Homo Species - Sapiens Humans are part of Subphylum Vertebrata |
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Primate Order Characteristics (List) |
Limbs and Locomotion
Diet and Teeth Senses and Brain Maturation, Learning and Behavior |
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PRIMATE ORDER CHARACTERISTICS Limbs and Locomotion |
erect posture wide range of movement in limbs prehensile hands |
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PRIMATE ORDER CHARACTERISTICS Diet and Teeth |
omnivorous diet generalized dentition |
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PRIMATE ORDER CHARACTERISTICS Senses and Brain |
color vision depth perception decreased reliance on smell complexity of brain |
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PRIMATE ORDER CHARACTERISTICS Maturation, Learning and Behavior |
longer gestation reduced # of offspring delayed maturation longer life span parental investment increased social groups diurnal |
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Why were Primate characteristics developed? (3 Theories) |
1. Evolved as response to arboreal living (complex environment-->color vision, depth perception) 2. Arboreal Visual Predators (hunting small mammals and insects-->color vision, prehensile hands) 3. Primates evolved at the same time as flowering plants (exploited new environment) |
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Primate Dentition Pattern (per quadrant) |
2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolars 3 molars |
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Quadrupedal locomotion |
walking on all four limbs |
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Bipedal Locomotion |
walking on two legs |
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Knuckle-Walking |
walking on feet and knuckles |
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Brachiation |
arm-swinging locomotion |
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Physical Traits that make Brachiation possible |
Should joint modifications Arms longer than legs Short and stable lower back Long curved fingers Shortened thumb |
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PRIMATES Lemurs/Lorises |
Africa and SE Asia reliant on smell eyes more to side shorter gestation/maturation |
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PRIMATES Tarsiers |
SE Asia nocturnal immovable eyes, rotate head 180 degrees insectivores |
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PRIMATES Old World Monkeys |
Ex: Baboons and Macaques both arboreal and land dwelling sexual dimorphism |
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PRIMATES New World Monkeys |
Ex: Capuchin and Howler Monkeys Semi-brachiators (use tail as 5th limb) mostly arboreal |
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PRIMATES Apes Gibbons/Siamangs |
SE Asia smallest of apes suspensory feeding |
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PRIMATES Apes Orangutans |
slow, cautious climbers high sexual dimorphism solitary |
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PRIMATES Apes Gorillas |
largest of all primates Equatorial Africa knuckle walkers dispersal of both sexes |
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PRIMATES Apes Chimpanzees |
Equatorial Africa aggressive knuckle walkers less sexual dimorphism more time in trees |
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PRIMATES Apes Bonobos |
longer legs than arms small, darker face less agressive |
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PRIMATES Apes Humans |
bipedal large brains tools |
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Characteristics common among Anthropoids (Different than Lemurs and Lorises) |
Large body size Large brain to body size ratio Reduced reliance on smell More reliant on sight Greater color vision Bony plate behind eye No dental comb Longer gestation/maturation More parental care/mutual grooming |
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Characteristics common among Hominoids (Apes and Humans) |
Larger body size no tail lower back stable and shorter arms longer than legs complex behavior and brain Increased period of infancy dependence |
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Sexual Dimorphism |
differences in body size/shape in males and females of the same species Ex: orangutans have different faces, gorilla males larger and have silver backs (when sexually active) |
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Behavioral Ecology |
Study of the Relationship between individuals, social behaviors, environment
Underlying principle - all components of the ecological system evolve together |
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Main Factors that Influence Social Behavior (List) |
1. Body Size/Diet 2. Distribution of Resources 3. Predation 4. Dispersal 5. Life History Traits 6. Activity Pattern |
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MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Body Size/Diet |
Larger size needs less calories--> leaves, bark Smaller size needs more calories--> insects, nuts |
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MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Distribution of Resources |
Leaves = Abundant = larger groups Fruits/berries = clumped/seasonal = medium Insects = scattered = small groups |
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MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Predation |
Smaller organisms, high predation --> larger groups |
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MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Dispersal |
Male dispersal Inbreeding avoidance Mate competition |
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MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Life History Traits |
Marginal/unpredictable: shorter gestation/childhood/life Stable: longer gestation/childhood/life |
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MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Activity Pattern |
Diurnal (active during day) vs Nocturnal (active during night) Nocturnal = small groups Diurnal = larger groups |
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Dominance |
social organization where individuals of the group are ranked relative to one another |
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DOMINANCE Factors that change/assign rank |
Gender (male dominance) Age Time in Group Level of Aggression Intelligence Motivation Parent's social position |
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Communication in Primate groups |
Scents Body Posture Reassuring touch/pat/hug Grooming Vocalizations Elaborate Displays/Behaviors |
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Aggressive Interaction |
conflict in groups stems from competition for food and mates |
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Altruism + Example +Reason |
individual gives a benefit to another's survival and puts themselves at risk Ex: chasing away predator, adopting orphan Reason: helping a relative, reciprocal change |
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Reproductive Behaviors |
R-selected: have many offspring with little/no parental care K-selected: have few offspring with much parental care |
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Female Mating Strategy |
Maximize the amount of resources |
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Male Mating Strategy |
secure as many mates as possible |
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Sexual Selection |
Females select male with most resources |
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Primate Culture |
Set of LEARNED behaviors |
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Examples of non-human Primate Culture |
Japanese Macaques wash sweet potatoes Orangutans build nests, use branches as insect swatters Capuchins use stones as hammers |
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What does chimp tool use tell us about non-human primate intelligence? |
Preparation implies planning and forethought Attention to shape and size of object indicates a preconceived idea of what finished produce needs to look like |
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How do humans use language to communicate? |
Use language and written symbols to refer to concepts and objects |
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Arbitrary |
no inherent relationship between the object discussed and the symbols in the word used to represent it |
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How does Language evolve? |
Increased brain size Neurological structural adaptations Development of the hybrid bone |
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Homology |
Structure that 2 organisms share because they have a common ancestor Ex: forelimb bone structure |
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Analogy |
structures that are similar in 2 organisms that evolved independently Ex: Wings in Birds and Butterflies |
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Two Major Approaches to classifying using Evolutionary Relationships |
Evolutionary Systematics and Cladistics |
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Evolutionary Systematics and Cladistics (3 things in common) |
1. Trace Evolutionary Relationships 2. Some traits are more important 3. Focus on homologous traits |
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Evolutionary Systematics VS Cladistics (Differences) |
E.S. --> 'ancestral' homologous traits, "clumpers", Phylogenic trees, element of time Cladistics--> 'derived' homologous traits, "separators", one-dimensional cladograms |
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Fossils |
traces of ancient living organisms |
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3 Eras of Geologic Time |
1. Paleozoic Era (570-225 mya) 2. Mesozoic Era (225-65 mya) "Age of Reptiles" 3. Cenozoic Era (65 mya - present) "Age of Mammals" |
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Process of Continental Drift |
Pangea split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland |
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Mammalian Characteristics (Why Mammals are successful) |
Larger Brain In utero growth and development Generalized dentition Warm blooded |
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3 Major Mammalian Groups |
1. Egg-laying (Ex: Platypus) 2. Pouched (Ex: Kangaroo) 3. Placental |
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Adaptive Radiation |
diversification of species quickly |
