Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genotype vs. phenotype
|
Genotype = genetic code
Phenotype = the visible expression of this genetic code |
|
Symbolic representations of dominant and recessive genes
|
Dominant = p or big letter
Recessive = q or little letter |
|
Anagenesis
|
Existing species transformed into a new species → no increase in biodiversity
|
|
Cladogenesis
|
Branching event of speciation off of a mother species →increases biodiversity
|
|
Phyletic gradualism
|
slow microevolution which over a long period of time leads to macroevolution
|
|
Punctuated equilibrium
|
fast speciation due to reproductive isolation
|
|
Meiosis
Mitosis |
MEiosis = only forms gametes → 1 DNA replication followed by 2 cell divisions leads to haploid cells ("me" for 1)
MiTosis = forms all other types of cells → 1 DNA replication followed by 1 cell division leads to diploid cells ("T" for 2) |
|
Haploid
Diploid |
Haploid = a cell with 1 copy of a chromosome (mom or dad)
Diploid = a cell with 2 copies of chromosomes (mom and dad) |
|
Polygeneic
Pleiotrophy |
Polygenic = many genes contribute to 1 single effect → poly = many
Pleiotrophy = 1 gene has mulptiple effects → the gene wins the trophy for awesomeness!! |
|
Relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes
|
DNA make up chromosome, and genes (traits) are found on a particular loci on the chromosome
|
|
4 DNA bases
which pairs with which |
Adenine + Thymine
Guanine + Cytosine |
|
2 functions of DNA
|
Mitosis and Meiosis
Template for protein synthesis |
|
DNA to protein synthesis
|
a set of 3 pairs of DNA bases OR a 3 letter sequence (RNA) codes for an amino acid
amino acids combine to create proteins |
|
Homologous pairs
Sex chromosomes Autosome |
Homologous pairs = genetically corresponding pairs of chromosomes from mom and dad; make up diploid cells
Sex chromosomes = X or Y chromosomes which determine sex Autosomes = every other chromosome except for sex chromosomes; determines all other traits |
|
allele
|
chemical variants of a gene
|
|
homozygote vs. heterozygote alleles
|
homozygote = 2 copies of the same allele at one locus
heterozygote = 2 different alleles at one locus |
|
dominant vs. recessive alleles
|
Dominant = one that is expressed phenotypically when either heterzygous or homozygous
Recessive = one that is expressed phenotypically only when in the homozygous state |
|
diploid vs. haploid
|
Diploid = 2 copies of a chromosome (mom AND dad)
Haploid = 1 copy of a chromosome (mom OR dad) |
|
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
|
23
22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes |
|
Calculating allelic frequencies
|
# of dominant or recessive alleles (p or q)
divided by Total # of alleles (p + q) |
|
Genotypic frequencies
|
Homozygote dominant: allelic frequency squared (pp) = (p2)
Heterozygote: allelic frequencies multiplied, then squared (pq)(qp) = 2(pq) or (pq)2 Homozygote recessive: allelic frequency squared (qq) = (q2) |