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38 Cards in this Set
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- A full-time religious specialist who is associated with formalized religious institutions.
- Found in more complex food-producing societies (associated with greater levels of specialization). |
Priest
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- Part-time religious specialist/healer.
- Receives his or her power directly from the spirit world. - Trance or spirit possession. - Acquires status and powers through personal communication with the supernatural. - Often works with spirit helper. |
Shaman
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What types of religious specialists have anthropologists classified?
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1. Shaman
2. Priest 3. Healers (e.g. Herbalist) 4. Prophets |
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A religious specialist who specializes in healing.
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Healer
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A religious specialist who specializes in divination.
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Diviner
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Someone who communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community, acting as an intermediary between the people and gods.
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Prophet
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A spirit (usually in animal form) that acts as an assistant to a witch or wizard
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Familiar Spirit
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Name two familiar spirits of the Yakut Shaman.
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1. Emekhet – the spirit of a dead shaman, guardian spirit.
2. Yekma – an external soul that belongs both to the shaman and a living animal. - Causes trouble for shaman and others. |
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Give an example of Pentacostal healing.
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“Laying on Hands”
- Possession by the Holy Spirit |
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European and American adoption of shamanic practices.
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Neoshamanism
- New Age mysticism. - Select healing or soothing rituals - Self-help |
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Returns souls that have left the body because of abuse, grief, or other physical or emotional states.
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Soul Retrieval
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Removing misplaced energy (effects of stress, anger, sadness, injury) that may cause illness.
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Extraction
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Intentional travels of the soul – may visit physical or spiritual places or communicate with guardian spirits.
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Journey
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An altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a deity taking over a person's body.
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Possession
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A Bantu term for herbalist or spiritual healer.
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Nganga
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The manipulation of supernatural forces in order to intervene in human activities or natural events.
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Magic
- Could be used for good or bad. |
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An inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm.
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Witchcraft
- Uses psychic power alone (thoughts and emotions). |
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The performance of magical rites intended to cause harm to other people.
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Sorcery
- Powers are not innate – must be learned. - Uses materials, potions, and medicines. |
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Procedure performed resembles the desired result (e.g. “Voodoo doll “).
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Imitative Magic (homeopathic)
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Magic that can do harm to a person or animal by doing things to their image.
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Image Magic
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Appearance of plant can suggest medical uses.
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Doctrine of Signatures
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An object that has been in contact with a person retains a magical connection to the person and can be used to do harm.
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Contagious Magic
- Fingernail clippings - Hair - Bellybutton lint - Menstrual blood |
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Magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things.
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The Law of Sympathy
- Includes: • The Law of Similarity. • The Law of Contagion. |
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Things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the physical contact is severed.
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The Law of Contagion
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A process of contacting the supernatural to find out the future or otherwise unknown information.
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Divination
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Book by James Frazer.
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The Golden Bough (1890)
- Magic is a pseudoscience. - Will be replaced by science. |
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Divination through the communication of a prophet.
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Prophecy
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A practitioner who intentionally communicates with the supernatural to find information.
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Medium
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It is a Chinese divination text revealing what the person must do to live in harmony. Also known as The Book of Changes.
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I Ching
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Involves reading the path and form of a flight of birds.
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Ornithomancy
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Feelings that a person experiences, a gut feeling.
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Presentiments
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The examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals. Was part of the ceremonies opening a session of the Senate in ancient Rome.
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Haruspication
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A divination technique in which a dried scapula, or shoulder blade, is placed in a fire and the pattern of cracks and burns are interpreted.
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Scapulamancy
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When a forked stick is used to locate water underground.
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Dowsing
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Divination by the interpretation of dreams.
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Oneiromancy
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Concluded that witchcraft:
- Explains the unexplainable. - Provides cultural behaviors to deal with misfortune. - Defines morality (by contrast). |
E.E. Evans-Pritchard (Azande)
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Noted positive social effects of witchcraft:
Levels economic differences. Reinforces social values. Provides outlet for hostility and feelings of neglect. |
Clyde Kluckhohn (studied Navaho)
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Argues that witchcraft does not exist among highly mobile people with little attachment to property.
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James Brain
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