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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the five types of Adaptive Strategies?

Foraging (Hunter/Gatherer)


Agriculture


Horticulture


Pastoralism


Industrialism

What kind of Adaptive Strategy did every culture begin with?

Foraging

What is the difference between Agriculture & Horticulture?

Horticulture is growing just enough for your own needs. Agriculture is mass production and the excess production is sold.

How long ago did Hunter Gatherers move to Agriculture?

10,000 years ago.

How long ago did Industrialism really begin as an adaptive strategy?

200 years ago.

What is the main force shaping culture?

Economy

Describe a Band.

* Related by kin


* Less than 100 people


* Mobile


* Men hunt, women gather


* Egalitarian (Prestige/Equality) Us vs. Bill Gates, equal??


* Marriage outside the tribe - Exogamy


* The rich tend to have political connections

What is Eve's Apple?

The idea of "Hey guys, lets try agriculture instead of being hunter/gatherers. We can stay put, instead of migratory hunters, we can be sedentary cultivators, and take the divisions of labor, wealth and prestige that go with it.

What is Horticulture?

Rudimentary tools, land not maximized. Stability in the diversity of crops. lower population. Not maxed out, that isn't the point.

What is Agriculture?

* Intensive/excess production.


* Maximizing land and irrigation.


* More labor ( including domestic animals) more effort, more organization, more obedience, more rules, more fights


* Less diversity of crops. Stability in reliability of crops (dependability)


* High population density, more disease


* Less biological diversity

What are the two types of Cultivation?

Horticulture & Agriculture

What is Pastoralism?

* Herding as main subsistence


* Nomads all move


* Transhumance: only some move, other remain behind in permanent settlements


*Winter - Low Summer - High

What is Economy?

The system of production, distribution and consumption.

What is Mode of Production?

How the economic system is organized and controlled. This begins social stratification, he who controls the "mode" makes the rules.

What are two modes of production?

* Capitalist mode = money/taxes (USA)


* Kin based mode = obligation and tribute

What is the Means of Production?

* Skill, tools, labor


* Land, technology

Who/What controls the Means of Production?

* Hereditary or marriage


* Accessibility of fertile lands


* Concepts of ownership


* Access to tools, knowledge

What is Subsistence?

What we need to survive

Where do the "fruits of our labors go"?

* Subsistence


* Replacement (things that are broken or need to be replenished)


* Social (friends, family, neighbors)


* Ceremonial (weddings, funerals)


* Rent (Taxes etc.)

For an individual, what does it mean to Maximize?

* Showing off wealth


* Prestige (Potlatch)


* Pleasure/Comfort


* Social Harmony (Gross National Happiness)

What are the different forms of Distribution/Exchange?

* The Market Principle


* Redistribution


* Reciprocity


What is the Market Principle?

Supply & Demand


Today, this principle dominates

What is Redistribution?

When goods and services move from the local level to the center to be shared among all.


Tribute to the Chief.

What are the four types of Reciprocity?

* Generalized


* Balanced


* Negative


* Silent Trade

What is Generalized Reciprocity?

Giving something to someone else and expecting nothing immediate in return.


Close knit groups


No thank you's are necessary

What is Balanced Reciprocity?

Giving something with the expectation of receiving at some point.


Between more distantly related people.


Trust exists but a record is kept.


Ex: Whimpy from Popeye: i will gladly pay you Thursday...

What is Negative Reciprocity?

Trade between strangers, immediate payment must be made.


Being taken advantage of is expected.


Ex: Used cars, cattle rustling

What is Silent Trade?

Done to avoid negative reciprocity


Ex: Pygmys trade with farmers, leave items in a trading place & others swap for their goods

What is Potlatch?

Redistribution, Reciprocity, Prestige and Socio-Economic "leveling" in action. In an environmentally "rich" area, the sedentary foragers with extra "stuff" (top of the Totem Pole) would put on a Potlatch. Putting out their extra stuff, excessiveness obvious to everyone, those who didn't have such a good year (bottom of the Totem Pole) attend and take goods. It is all about Prestige and future balanced reciprocity instead of profit and hoarding.


An example of conspicuous consumption.

How does Prestige relate to Economics?

How does your culture demonstrate prestige with "stuff"? Extra stuff, show it off, or give it away? Which way better balances society?