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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The cranial region of the reproductive system includes..
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hypothalamus
pituitary gland |
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The pelvic region of the reproductive system includes the ..
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gonads
tube system |
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___ cells release their hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body
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endocrine cells
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___ synthesizing trophic hormones realse them into capillaries of the portal system
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neurons
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___ __ carry the trophic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary
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portal vessels
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___= "under"-"room, chamber"
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hypothalamus
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part of the neural anatomy that is sensory/hormonal, made of neurosecretory cells, neurohormones; axons and capillary beds (plexus), and puse generators ( tonic/surge centers)
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hypothalamus
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__= par tof the neural anatomy that is located above the roof of mouth and below hypothalamus
-made of glandular tissue -no direct connection to the hypothalamus (most of blood supply derived from hypophyseal portal system-drains median eminence are of hypothalamus) -site of hormone synthesis |
anterior pituitary
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Somatropes secret ___
Adrenotropes secrete ____ thyrotropes secrete ____ gonadotropes secrete ____ |
somatotropin
adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid stimulating hormone gonadotropins |
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__= part of the neural anatomy that is the extension of the hypothalamus via the infandibular stalk
-made of neural tissue -direct extension of axons of hypothalamus -site of hormone storage, NOT SYNTHESIS! |
posterior pituitary
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functions of the female reproductive tract..
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hormone production ( steroids and proteins)
gamete production (oogonia) gamete transport ( oocytes, spermatazoa) fertilization growth and development of offspring ( pre/post implantation) parturition |
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broad ligament parts:
Mesovarium = mesosalpinx= mesometrium= |
mesovarium- ovary
mesosalpinx- oviduct mesometrium- uterus (largest ) |
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__= primary organ of female reproduction
-cytogenic function- production of gametes (oocytes) -endocrine functions- secretes hormones (steroid, protein peptides, prostaglandin) |
ovary
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ovarian architecture
__= outer zone __= inner zone of loose connective tissue -lymphatic system __= supports; "funnel" __= covered by germinal epithelium |
cortex
medulla hilus tunica albuginia |
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Follicles
____ follicle - flattened cells that surround the oocyte -PGC ___ follicle -increase in size of oocyte and height og follicular cells |
primordial follicle
primary follicle |
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__ follicle
-surrounded by several layers of follicular cells __ follicle -follicle formas a fluid filled cavity -differentiation of cell layers in the follicle wall |
secondary follicle
tertiary follicle |
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ovarian structure
____= newly ruptured follicle -essentially a blood clot __= "yellow body" -produces progesteron __= "white body" -remains after CL regresses |
CH- corpus hemorrhagicum
CL- Corpus Luteum CA- Corpus Albicans |
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the secondary organs of the female repro tract include:
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oviduct
uterine horns uterine body cervix vagina vestibule vulva |
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tube system
-from the inside out starting in the middle with the lumen.. |
mucosa
submucosa muscularis serosa |
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___= supports the oocytes
-structures- fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus -fxn- secretory (pH and nourishment); ciliated for transport |
oviduct
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oviduct structures:
___= surrounds ovary ___= Catchers mit __= funnel oocytes to the right place __= site of fertilization |
fimbriae
infundibulum ampulla isthmus |
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__= "organ of pregnancy"
-formed from Mullerian duct -made of cornua (horns) -support and blood supply -Sperm survival (pH and nutrients) -development of Offspring (pre/post implantation) -parturition |
uterus
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Uterine layers
from the lumen out.. |
endometrium- secretory lining ( nutrients, pH)
myometrium- muscle layer - perimetrium- outer layer |
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types of uteri
___= highly developed uterine horns (bitch, queen, sow) ___= poorly to moderately devloped uterine horns ( mare and cow) __= two cervices (marsupials and rabbits) __= no uterine horns ( primates) |
bicornuate
bicornuate duplex simplex |
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___= formed from Mullerian duct and urogenital sinus
-constricted and thickened -secretory and ciliated -fxns: physical barrier chemical barrier sperm fxn and storage |
cervix
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cervix differs by species..
Annular rings seen in the... interdigitating pads in the.. longitudinal folds in the .. |
cow and ewe
sow mare |
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__= formed from mullerian duct and urogenital sinus
-squamous epithelial cells surrounded by muscular walls (protection and secretion) -fxns- copulatory organ nutrients/sperm fxn and storage chemical barrier explusion of urine in some species birth canal |
vagina
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___= formed from urogenital sinus and genital tubercle
-external most parts |
external genitalia
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parts of the external genitalia
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vestibule and vulva
urethra labia majora/minora clitoris |
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Fxns of the external genitalia
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protection
stimulation sexual attractant (winking of vulva and swelling) |
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__= primary organ of the male repro tract
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scrotum/testis
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major components of the male repro tract
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testis
epididymis ductus deferens accessory glands penile urethra penis and pupace |
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__= testosterone/sperm produced
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testis
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__= sperm storage for maturation
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epididymis
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the accessory glands for the male repro tract
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seminal vessicles
bulbourethral gland prstate preputial gland |
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__= assembly plant for the sperm
-primary sex organ -located outside of the body cavity -cytogenic/endocrine fxns |
testicles
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what are the 2 fxns of the testicles
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cytogenic- production of gametes (spermatozoa)
endocrine- secretes hormones (steroid and protein peptides) |
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parts of the testicle
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tunica albuginia
seminiferous tubules rete testis efferent ductules epididymis |
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cell fxns
__ cells nurture germ cells through development -45-72 days -responds to FSH ___ cells -produce testosterone -responds to LH |
sertoli cells
leydig cells |
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__= testicle abnormality
- one or both testicle fail to descend into the scortum during embryological development, and are retained in the body cavity -will produce testosteron but dont have normal fxns (no sperm) |
cryptorchids
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explain the descent of the testis
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tests form near the kidney at the genital ridge
-descent into the scrotum caused by the swelling of the gubernaculum |
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Time of descent of the testes for:
bull and ram= boar= stallion= |
bull/ram- midterm gestation
boar= last quarter of gestation stallion= just before/after birth |
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thermoregulation of the testes..
-decrease of ___ degrees celsius rewuired for viable sperm production |
4-6 degrees celsius
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structures of the thermoregulation of the testes from the outside inward
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scrotal skin
cremaster muscle tunica dartos tunica vaginalis pampiniform plexus |
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____ very important in temp regulation
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pampiniform plexus
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__= long coiled tube surrounded by smooth muscle
-develops from wolffian duct - caput, corpus, cauda -maturation occurs here |
epididymis
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parts of the epididymis
Head= body= tail= |
caput
corpus cauda |
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epididymis
functions: |
-sperm transport and storage
-absorption to concentrate sperm (caput and cauda) - secretion to control pH and osmolarity (cauda) |
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process of sperm maturation in the epididymis:
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lose cytoplasmic droplet in the caput
gain motility in the corpus and cauda gain fertility in the cauda |
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transit time of sperm in the epididymis:
bull ram boar stallion |
bull- 7d
ram- 16d boar- 12 d stallion- 8-11 |
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__= formed from the mesonephrc duct
-continuation of the cauda epididymis -enters the pelvic urethra just posterior to bladder -fxns; contractile tube for sperm transport longitudinal and circular muscular layers - muscular ampulla in bull, ram, and stallion |
vas deferens
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accessory glands fxns
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production of seminal fluid, sperm viability, flushes tract
-stimulated by testosterone |
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accessory glands
___= vesicular glands -paired -derived from wolffian duct -lobulated except in stallion -provides energy for sperm -half of volume or more of ejaculate |
seminal vesicles
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accessory glands
__= body and or disseminate parts -derived from urogenital sinus -small in bull and ram -large in boar -2 lobes in stallion (h shaped) |
prostate
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accessory gland
___=paired gland -derived from urogenital sinus -gel fraction -especially in boar |
bulbourethral gland (cowpers gland)
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___= copulatory organ
-vascular and fibroelastic -has retracotr muscle that allows extension and retraction of the penis ; sigmoid flexure extends in copulation -cavernous tissue surrounding urethra (pelvic and penile urethra) -made of muscles -glans penis and prepuce |
penis
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the ____ is richly supplied with nerves and is the source of the sensation associated with copulation
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glans penis
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___ cells ( body cells)
- all cells this type except germ cells -autosomes -diploid -sex chromosomes undergo mitosis |
somatic cells
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chr numbers
cattle= horse= swine= humans= sheep= |
cattle= 60
horse=64 swine= 38 humans= 46 sheep= 56 |
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__ cells= oogonia and spermatogonia
- haploid (1N) -from primordial germ cells (PGC's) -undergo both mitosis and meiosis |
germ cells
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__=
produces intentical daughter cells -1 phase -normal proliferation of tissue cells with high rate of mitosis, and low rate -required info |
mitosis
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___= only within ovary or testes
-2 phases meiosis 10 long, complex prophase (exchange or alteration of genetic material btw homologous chr) -meiosis 2- basically similar to mitosis |
meiosis
2n-gonia 4n-cyte 2n-cyte |
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__= formation of primary sex cords
-PGC undergo mitosis -sealed by tunica albungica |
genital ridge
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describe the devlopment of the ovary
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primary proliferation in the medullary (PGC in medulla are lost)
secondary proliferation only in cortex resulting in fixed # of cells tubular system develops *paramesonephros=mullerian duct=female mesonephros=wolfian duct=male |
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paramesonephros = mullerian duct = ___
mesonephros=wolfian duct= ___ |
female
male |
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if indifferent gonad is removed?
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result is female
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____=
no AMH or andorgens -forms oviducts, uterus, and anterior vagina -wolfian duct regresses |
mullerian duct
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alfred Josts experiment on rabbits
-female fetus --> ovaries removed = -male fetus --> testes removed = |
female adult
female adult |
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development of the testes..
is there a y chr? |
yes
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__= sex determining region of the Y chr?
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Sry
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development of testes
__= synthesized by developing sex cords -causes differentiation of sertoli cells _ ___ hormone produced AMH or MIH sertoli cell product |
TDF (testes determining factor)
Anti-Mullerian hormone |
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___ duct
-AMH and androgens -forms rete testes efferent ducts epididymis mullerian duct regresses |
wolfian duct
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___ regulates sex differentiation
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SRY
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___=
develops from ectoderm regulated by sex steroids |
external genitalia
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intersexuality
___= seen in cattle ____= seen in some fish: ova + sperm released from separate orifices, fertilization external __= external of one, sex/genetics of another -XY genetic, testes, mixed tract, external female, non responsive to androgen -XX genetics, ovary, mixed tract, external male, adrenal produces excess androgen |
free martins
true hermaphrodites pseudo-hermaphrodites |
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__= anything with non fully developed mullerian ducts
-caused by: androgens, AMH, exchange of cells, TDF -these females are nonfertile |
free martin
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sexual development in the hyena..
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androgen produced by the dam, females dominate society
-androstenedione-testosterone derivitive -nonfunctional vagina --> blind puch -mating and parturition occurs through the clitoris |
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communication systems
wired = wireless= |
wired= neurons
wireless= endocrine glands |
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types of secretions..
__= involves the nervous system __= produces substance and releases outside the body __=internal secretions; involves paracrine and autocrine signaling |
neurocrine
exocrine endocrine |
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___= type of secretion where there is axonal transport then via blood
-ex: knee jerk response |
neurocrine
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__= type of secretion where it is secreted into ducts or onto epithelial surface
-saliva, sweat, milk, pancreatic enzymes -related to digestive fxn, secretion of enzymes etc -"exo"=out |
exocrin
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__= type of secretion that is internal
-substances produced in one site travels via blood supply to affect processes in another organ/tissue -classical effects of hormones -Ex: LH, FSH -slower system with larger response |
endocrine
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endocrine signaling
__= alters activities of neighboring cells of different types __= alters activities of neighboring cells of the same type or the secreting cell itself |
paracrine
autocrine |
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___= substance secreted by a cell that acts on some target cell (receptor)
-many forms; proteins/polypeptides/steroids -travels thru blood, lymph diffusion, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, extra cellular |
hormone
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studying hormones
___= to remove and study change in activity __= after removal, add substance back __= study chemical properties - assay changes in hormone levels and concentrations |
ablation
replacement isolate and purify hormone |
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how do we measure hormones
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bioassay
radioimmuniassay enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
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classes of hormone
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steroids
non steroids |
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__ hormones
-have cholesterol backbones -adrenocorticoids -sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone, estradiol) -active metabolites of Vit D |
steroid hormones
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Chemical properties of steroid hormones..
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small
hydrophobic/lipophilic travel in blood with carrier lipid soluble and diffuse thru cell membranes -cytplasmic or nuclear receptors |
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___ hormones
-proteins- FSH and LH Oxytocin -eicosaoids- derived from arachidonic acid and prstaglandins -biogenic amines and catecholamines (melatonin) |
non steroid
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chemical properties of non steroid hormones..
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large
hydrophici (love water) cant fit thru membranes- not lipid soluble most hormones received by receptors external to the cell membrane require 2nd messenger mechanism of action |
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receptors for non steroid hormones are located ...
receptors for steroid hormones hormones are found>>> |
non steroid- on the cell membrane
steroid- in the cells cytoplasm or in its nucleus |
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__ feedback
-not common -Ex: action of oxytocin on uterine muscle during birth -what stops this loop? explusion of fetus stops contractions |
positive
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__ feedback
-primary mechanism thru which your endocrine system maintains homeostasis -secretion of a specific hormones turned on or off by a specific physiological changes ( like a thermostat) -most common control mechanism -level of hormone in blood or body's return to homeostasis shuts off the loo at hypothalamus and pituitary |
negative
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hypothalamic hormones TO anterior pituitary..
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gonadotropin releasing hormone (stimulates FSH/LH)
growth hormone releasing hormone thryotropin releasing hormone corticotropin releasing factor |
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hypothalamic hormones To posterior pituitary..
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anti-diuretic hormone or vasopresin
oxytocin |
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hypothalamus starts with 2 centers...
males only have which? |
surge
tonic tonic- estrogen knocks out surge center fxn in males |
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___ hormone
-hormone of the anterior pituitary -stimulates release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid -regulates metabolism |
thyroid stimulating hormone
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___ hormone
-anterior pituitary hormone -stimulates cell growth, reproduction, and regeneration -species specific |
somatotropin or growth hormone
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__ hormone
-hormone of the anterior pituitary -stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal glands |
adrenocorticotropic hormone
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___ hormone
-anterior pituitary hormone -similar structure to GH -promotes lactation, nest building and motherly instincts -counteracts the affects of dopamine (erection) |
prolactin
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gonanotropins
-hormones of anterior pituitary ___= stimulate luteinization -promotes steroid production ( testosterone/progesterone) ___= stimulates follicle growth -sertoli cell function in males |
luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone |
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alpha- general
beta- ____ |
specific
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__= posterior pituitary hormone
- neuropeptide -stored in posterior pituitary -promotes contraction of smooth muscles ( uterus, epididymis, and mammary gland ) -promotes milk letdown -love/trust hormone -pair bonding btw mother/young |
oxytocin
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___hormone
-secreted by mural granulosa cells in follicles, placenta, sertoli cells in testes -actions- behavioral changes for receptivity (estrous activity), initiates surge of GnRH from pituitary -increases secretory activity -increases uterine motility -feedback to hypothalamus |
estorgen (E2)
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___ hormone
-secreted by granulosa cells in follicles and sertoli cells in testes -actions- stimulates FSH secretion -feedback to anterior pituitary |
activin
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__ hormone
-secreted by granulosa cells in follicles and sertoli cells in testes -actions-- inhibits FSH secretions -feedback to anterior pituitary |
inhibin
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__ hormone
-secreted by CL and placenta - actions- home of pregnancy suppresses uterine activity inhibits GnRH and LH surge |
progesterone
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___ F2 alpha
-hormone secreted by uterine endometrium -actions luteolysis (destruction of CL) promotes uterine tone and contraction -ovulation |
prostaglandin
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____
aka pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMSG) -produced by endometrial cups of placenta -actions- luteotropin stimulates formation of accessory CL acts like FSH in other species |
equine chorionic gonadotropin (ECG)
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___= produced by trophoblastic cells of the blastocyst
-inhibits oxytocin receptors in the endometrium -prevents PGF2 alpha synthesis -promtoes protein production to nourish conceptus |
interferon tow
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__= found in other primates
-produced by trophoblastic cells of blastocysts -acts as luteotropin -causes ovulation in nonprimate females -can be detected as early as 8d of gestation |
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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____= secreted by uterine endometrium, ovarian cells, and embryonic membranes
-ovulation -promotes CL secretion of progesterone -promotes vascularization of tissues |
E2 (PGE2)
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___= steroid hormone secreted by leydig cells in testes and theca cells in follicle
-actions- behavioral changes for receptivity (estrous activity) anabolic growth promotes spermatogenesis promotes secretion of accessory sex glands -feedback to hypothalamus |
testosterone
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- theca and granulosa cells are _____
leydig and sertoli cells are ___ |
female
male |
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explain fate of steroids
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-steroid secreted by gonad
-steroid enters blood and goes to target tissue -steroid causes change in target tissue -steroid in blood passes through liver -liver renders steroids water soluble and cannot pass through membranes -goes into circulatory system and reenters blood and enters kidney/bile -excreted in urine and feces as glucronides or sulfates |
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___= time at which an animal becomes functionallu capable of reproducing
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puberty
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___= first menstrual cycle in human females
-typically occurs by age 12-13 -initially may involve anovulatory irregular cycles |
menarche
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___= first ejaculation in males
-typically occurs by age 15 -inital period of sterility |
spermache
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___= in females
-infrequent GnRH pulses -little follicle growth -low estradiol |
prepuberty
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____ stimulates pituitary gland
-growth hormone increases which causes growth spurt -ovaries and testes respond to produce sex hormones (testosteron and estrogen) |
hypothalamus
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__= in females
- pos/neg feedback to estradiol is established -follicular growth -LH ssurge mechanism in place |
puberty
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what triggers puberty?
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tonic centers are present
estrogen primes the surge centers |
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what factors affect onset of puberty
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genetics
body weight environment social factors stress |
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Frisch theory
a critical ____ and ___ are required for the onset of puberty evidence: highly competitive athletic training= delayed puberty delayed menarche in malnutrition overweight girls have early menarche patients w anorexia revert to prepubertal patters of gonadotropin secretion as body weight decreases-> suppresses surge centers and gonadotropin release |
body fat and body weight
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vandebergh effect
___ present: earlier onset of puberty ___ only- later onset of puberty * may be a way of regulating population density |
male
female |
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What repro organ means "under" "room or chamber"?
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hypothalamus
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what is the primary female repro organ?
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ovary
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name the secondary female repro organs?
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oviduct
uterine horns uterine body cervix vagina vestibule vulva |
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name 2 functions of the female repro tract?
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hormone production- both steroid and protein hormones
gamete production-oogonia gamete transport-oocytes and spermatazoa provide location for development and growth of offspring both pre/post implantation parturition |
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list all 4 follicle stages during development
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primordial
primary secondary tertiary |
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what are the 3 ovarian structures that start with "corpus"?
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corpus hemorrhagicum
corpus luteum corpus albicans |
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match the species with the type of uterus they possess?
mare rabbit human sow ewe cow |
mare-bicornuate
rabbit-duplex human-simplex sow-bicornuate ewe-bicornuate cow-bicornuate |
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the smooth muscle layer of the uterus is known as the..?
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myometrium
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T/F
the mesonephric duct empties into the male repro tract, while the paramesonephric duct empties into the female repro tract? |
T
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which of the accessory glands produces the gel fraction of the boar ejaculate?
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cowpers gland
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T/F
a cryptorchid male produces sperm, but not testosterone. |
F
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T/F
the cervix of the sow has annular rings |
F
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what makes up the oviduct?
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isthmus
infindibulum ampulla |
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seminiferous tubules are found in the ____
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testicles
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which is not found in the developing males fetus?
SRY AMH estradiol TDF they are all found |
all are present
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what structures are involved with the thermoregulation of the testes?
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scrotal skin
tunica dartos pampaniform plexus cremaster muscle |
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what are 2 characteristics of steroid hormones?
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cholesterol backbone
small hydrophobic lipophilic lipid soluble diffuse through cell membranes slow to act, but long lasting responses |
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what are characteristics of nonsteroid hormones?
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large
hydrophilic cant fit through cell membranes not lipid soluble travels without carrier protein cannot diffuse through cell membranes receptors on membrane fast acting with short lasting response |
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where are the receptors for steroid hormones located
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cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
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where are the receptors for the protein hormones located?
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cell membrane receptors
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what factors determine effectiveness
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receptor density
hormone receptor affinity |
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in general, the hypothalamus produce __ hormones, whereas the anterior pituitary produces ___ hormones.
Ex: hypothalamus produces ___ which causes secretions and release of ___ from the anterior pituitary |
releasing
stimulating gonadotropin releasing hormone follicle stimulating hormone |
