Ans 205 Study Guide Exam ( Skeletal System, Joints, Bones)

Front 1

What are the components of the skeltal system?

Back 1

bones
cartilage
joints
teeth

Front 2

Why are bones a living structure?

Back 2

have blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves
subject to disease
undergo repair
adjust to changes in stress

Front 3

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Back 3

Support- hard framework that supports and anchors the soft organs of the body

protection- surrounds organs such as the brain and spinal cord

mvt- allows for muscle attachment therfore the bones are used as levers

storage- minerals and lipids are stored within bone material

blood cell formation- the bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production

Front 4

what is the composition of bone?

Back 4

30% organic matter- collagen

45% inorganic matter- calcium and phosphorous ( in the form of mineral salts)

Other- water ( 25%)

Front 5

Discuss the internal structure of bone in detail..

Back 5

compact bone
cancellous/spngy bone
medullary cavity

Front 6

__= hard layer of bone; covers most bones; forms the shaft of long bones; bone cells/blood vessels

Back 6

compact bone

Front 7

__= bone at the end of long bones
-spicules arranged in a porous network
-has small open spaces filled with marrow

Back 7

cancellous/spongy bone

Front 8

__= space in the bone surrounded by a cortex of long bone
-red marrow ( young animals)
-yellow marrow ( adult animals)

Back 8

medullary cavity

Front 9

what is the different classifications of bones/shape

Back 9

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

Front 10

__= bone found in the legs of animals
-has an epihysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, and an epiphyseal plate

Back 10

long bone

Front 11

__ = the ends of long bones

__= the shaft of long bone which surrounds the medullary cavity

Back 11

epiphysis

diaphysis

Front 12

__= part of the long bone; cushions the ends of the bones and allows for smooth mvt

Back 12

articular cartilage

Front 13

__= part of long bones; areas made of cartilage allowing for the growth of the bone; lengthens as animal grows, closes when done growing; fades

Back 13

epiphyseal plate

Front 14

__= bone that act as levers
-aid in support, locomotion, prehension
-Ex; bones of the extremeties
forelimb- humerus, radius, ulna
hindlimb- femur, tibia, fibula

Back 14

long bones

Front 15

__= bones that have a variety of mvts
-absorb shock/concussion
-found in complex joints (where several bones come together to form a joint)
Ex: carpus/knee in forelimb
tarsus/hock in hindlimb

Back 15

short bones

Front 16

__= bones with no diaphysis or epiphysis
-inner framework of cancellous bone sandwiched between compact bone
-2 plates- lamina extrna and lamina interna
-Ex: skull, ribs/scapula
houses nervous system/brain

-protects vital organs of the brain/skull, heart and lungs (scapula and ribs), urinary/repro organs (pelvic bones)
-provides large areas for attachment of muscles (scapula and pelvic bones)

Back 16

flat bones

Front 17

__= unpaired bones on the median plane
-odd shaped
-spongy bone surrounded by compact bone
-offers protection, support, and muscular attachment
-Ex: vertebrae, unpaired bones of the skull

Back 17

irregular bones

Front 18

__= many animals dont have this shape
-occur along the course of tendons
-help in reducing friction, increase leverage or change direction of pull
-Ex: patella (kneecap), distal sesamoid bones

Back 18

sesamoid

Front 19

__= other bones of the body
-formed in the soft organs
-os penis- bone in penis of dpgs
-os cordis- bone in the heart of cattle
-os rostri- bone in the snout of pigs

Back 19

visceral bones

Front 20

What are the bony features of the bone?
the projections/depressions
articular/nonarticular

Back 20

head
condyle
process
spine
fossa
foramen

Front 21

What are the 2 types of skeletal systems?

Back 21

axial
appendicular

Front 22

What are the components of the axial skeletal system?

Back 22

skull
vertebral column
sternum
ribs

Front 23

What are the components of the appendicular skeletal system?

Back 23

thoracic limbs (forelimb)
pelvic limbs (hindlimb)
shoulder/scapula
pelvis

Front 24

__= the joining of flesh to bone in the scapular

Back 24

synsarcosis

Front 25

The ____ skeletal system includes bones involved in protection, support,and carrying other body parts
Ex; skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
-move head, tail, respiration

Back 25

axial

Front 26

the skull has 2 main parts..
the ___ part houses the central nervous system

the __ part houses the sinuses, nose, and dentition (teeth)

Back 26

cranial

facial

Front 27

__= composed of median unpaired irregular bones called vertebrae
-vertebra has body, arch, and process,
- vertebral canal

Back 27

vertebral column

Front 28

__= part of the vertebral column's vertebrae that is a cylindrical mass forming ventral part and floor of foramen

Back 28

body

Front 29

__= part of the vertebral column's vertebrae that completes the foramen

Back 29

arch

Front 30

__= part of the vertebrae that is articular/spinous

Back 30

process
Ex; spinous process

Front 31

__= the spinal cord passes through

Back 31

vertebral canal

Front 32

__= contains the spinal cord; series form the vertebral canal

Back 32

vertebral foramen

Front 33

parts of the vertebral column..
__= forms joints with other vertebrae

__= dorsal aspect

__= prejects laterally; wings

Back 33

articular process

spinous process

transverse process

Front 34

What are the various types of vertebrae?

Back 34

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal

Front 35

__ vertebrae's articular processes allow for range of motion
-all domestic animals have 7
-C1= atlas--> no spinous process; articulates with skull
-C2= axis --> dens- cranial projection allows the axis to pivot

Back 35

cervical vertebrae

Front 36

__ vertebrae ahve a well developed spinous processes
-costal fovea on adjacent vertebrae provide the articulation with head of ribs
-forms the withers in the horse
-number varies among species

Back 36

thoracic vertebrae

Front 37

__= vertebrae that have larger, flat transverse processes that provide more area for attachment
-the weight bearing vertebrae

Back 37

lumbar vertebrae

Front 38

__= vertebrae that are fused to form a wedge shaped bone called the sacrum
-articulates with the last lumbar vertebrae cranially
-sacral foramina allows passage of spinal nerves
-articulates with the ilium of the hip

Back 38

sacral vertebrae

Front 39

__= vertebrae that are the tail bones and are highly variable in number

Back 39

caudal vertebrae

Front 40

Vertebral formula for horses cows and dogs

Back 40

C T L S Cau
horse 7 18 6 5 15-20
cow 7 13 6 5 18-20
dog 7 13 7 3 20-23

Front 41

__= form the lateral wall of the bony thorax
-# of pairs of ribs=# of thoracic vertebrae
-ones attached to sternum by costal cartilage are k/a true
-ones attached to sternal ribs/ture ribs k/a false ribs

Back 41

ribs

Front 42

The shoulder consists of..

Back 42

the pectoral girdle and scapula

Front 43

the forelimb consists of..

Back 43

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Front 44

The pelvis consists of..

Back 44

the pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 45

The hind limb consists of...

Back 45

femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Front 46

__= bone of the forelimb; shoulder blade; has a spine that extends to dorsal border
-distal end forms the acromion process

Back 46

scapula

Front 47

__= bone of the forelimb; has shaft and 2 extremeties..
- proximal end bears a rounded head that articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint

Back 47

humerus

humerus + scapula = shoulder joint

Front 48

__= bone of the forelimb; larger that the other; proximal end forms elbow with the humerus and distally articulates with carpus

___= forms the olecranon process (point of elbow)
-in the horse, the shaft of ulna is fused into radius
-in ox, sheep, goats, dogs, and cats--> complete

Back 48

radius


ulna

Front 49

in the horse, the phalanges/digits are known as..

Back 49

fetlock
pastern
coffin bone

Front 50

__= fusion of the 3 bones of the hip/pelvic

Back 50

os coxae/hip joint

Front 51

__= bone of the pelvic girdle that is the largest, dorsal most bone
-tuber sacrale
-tuber coxae ( point of hip)
-wing

Back 51

ilium

Front 52

__- bone of the pelvic girdle that forms the caudle/back part of the floor of the pelvic cavity
-ischial tuber (pin bone in cattle)

Back 52

ischium

Front 53

__= smallest bone of the pelvic cavity; forms the cranial part of the floor (front)

Back 53

pubis

Front 54

__= bone of the hind limb that is the thigh bone
- head articulates with acetebulum of Os coxae to form the hip joint
-2 condyles distally

Back 54

femur

Front 55

T/F endochondral ossification utilizes a cartilage model in the growing fetus to start forming bone. Examples in which it occurs are flat bones

Back 55

False

(found in long bones)

Front 56

__= the largest reservoir of calcium in the animals body

Back 56

bone

Front 57

T/F greenstick fracture is a break in the continuity of the bone where bone is shattered into smaller pieces and therefore requires a surgical intervention

Back 57

F
greenstick fracture is a break on one side and is weakened and bent on the other
-occurs in young animals

Front 58

__ and __ are the 2 main hormones that maintain the plasma calcium ion levels

Back 58

PTH and calcitonin

Front 59

What is granulation tissue?

Back 59

healing tissue that forms a callus

Front 60

Name one pathologic condition affecting the bones

Back 60

Bone TB
rickets

Front 61

Granulation tissue is seen in..

Back 61

breaks
-immobilization and opposition
-clot formation occurs, area invaded by fibroblasts to make fibrous tissue
-revscularization- capillaries start forming

Front 62

discuss endochondral ossification and name the type of bones it occurs in..

Back 62

-occurs in long bones
-begins as a fetus forms and is just a cartilaginous model-chondorcytes come in and hypertophy and bone begins to form around the cartilaginous model
-blood vessles begin to stream into thebone and the chondrocyte area turns into the primary ossification ceter in the midshaft region of the diaphysis
-as the area gros,vessels keep coming in and bringing more nutrients in and bones keep forming on outsid euntil you see the secondary ossification centers in the proximal and distal epiphysis with the proximal epiphyseal seondary ossification center being separated by the cartilaginous physis/epiphyseal growth plate
-the bone continues to form, thickening, lengthening with the osteoblasts forming new bone and blood into the spongy bone. The epiphyseal plate will close once growing stops and no more growth will occur

Front 63

What is the epiphyseal closure?

Back 63

the growth plate/epiphyseal plate is a cartilagnious area that allows for growth/lengthening of thebone. once closed, no more growth can/will occur

Front 64

where would you expect to find different types of cartilages in an animal's body?

Back 64

hyaline- slick, "glass-like" coating /covering withinjoints and reduces friction(ends of long bones)

Elastic- made of fibers of elastic/cartilage substances; gives shape and form, rigidity like what is seen in the external ear

- fibrocartilage/fibrous- made of collagen, fibers of cartilage, and forms an elastice type cushion that is very strong; seen btw the bodies of vertebrae ( intervertebral discs)

- articular- type of hyaline cartilage that lines the joint surfaces of a bone (long bones)

Front 65

What are the different types of joints?

Back 65

fibrous- fibrous membrane keeps joints together; no joint cavity

cartilaginous-cartilage keeps joints together ( epiphyseal plate)

synovial- tendons, ligaments; multiple surfaces/articular surfaces; space btw adjacent bones surrounded by the joint capsule

Front 66

__= type of joint where there is no joint cavity
-syndemosis- slight mvt ( carpals)
-suture- junction that fuses after birth (btw bones of the skull)
- gomphosis- btw teeth and jaw

Back 66

fibrous joints

Front 67

__= type of joint that is united by cartilage
-synchondrosis- joined by cartilage ( Immature bone diaphysis and epiphysis)
- symphysis- joined by cartilage ( pubic bobes, vertebrae)

Back 67

cartilaginous joints

Front 68

__= type of joint that has a structure of articular surface, articular cartilage, and the articular cavity

- has 2 layers to the joint capsule
-synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid and GAG's
- fibrous capsule- ligaments and tendons

Back 68

synovial joints

Front 69

ligaments attach bone to ___

tendons attach bone to ___

Back 69

bone

muscle

Front 70

Simple and composite joints are exampls of ____ joints

main types include hinge, plane, and ball and socket

Back 70

synovial

Front 71

__ joints move only in their saggital plane(synovial joint)
-AKA ginglymus
-produce mvts of extension, flexion, and hyperextension
-Ex; fetlock

Back 71

hinge

example= fetlock

Front 72

___ joints have slight gliding mvt (synovial joint)
Ex: btw adjacent carpal bones

Back 72

plane/sliding/gliding

Example= carpals

Front 73

__ joints are AKA spheroid joints( synovial joint)
-mvt in almost any direction
-flexion, extension, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Ex: hip joint/coxofemoral

Back 73

ball and socket joint

Example= hip joint

Front 74

what are the joints of the forelimb?

Back 74

scapula- no boy connection w thorax (synsarcosis)

scapulo-humeral- shoulder joint

elbow joint

carpus

metacarpophalangeal (fetlock)

proximal interphalangeal (pastern)

distal interphalangeal (coffin joint)

Front 75

what are the joints of the hind limb?

Back 75

sacroiliac joint (bony connection btw axial and appendicular skeleton)- limited mvt

coxofemoral/hip joint- ball and socket joint (head of femur and acetebulum of os coxae)- mvt in all directions

stifle joint- distal femur, patella, and proximal tibia

tarsus/hock joint- distal end of tibia and talus

metatarsophalangeal joint

proximal interphalangeal joint

distal interphalangeal joint

Front 76

Patholic disorders of joints...

__= distension of joint capsule of hock; swelling on craniomedial aspect

__= DJD of distal intertarsal and tarso-metatarsal joints (true spavin)

Back 76

bog spavin

bone/jack spavin

Front 77

Pathologic disorders of joints..

__= inflammation of bursa over olecranon process (point of elbow)

___= inflammation /infection with draining tract from bursa over spinous process

__- inflammation of laminae btw hoof wall and distal phalanx

Back 77

capped elbow

fistulus withers

founder

Front 78

what is the composition of bone?

Back 78

ORGANIC COMPONENTS
bone cells- osteocytes, osteoblasts(growth), osteoclasts/break down bone

osteoids- organic part of matrix, collagen, polysaccharides/glucosaminoglycans); contributes to the resilience and toughness of bones

INORGANIC COMPONENTS
calcium and phosphorus sats
-provide hardness and rigidity to the bone

Front 79

Bones become soft/brittle by...

Back 79

Soft- inorganic component removed by soaking in dilute acid
-decalcified bone retains structure
-becomes soft when calcium/phosporus salts are removed bc they provide hardness and rigidity

Brittle- organic component removed by charring
-inorganic salts remain
-prone to breaking
-calcium and phosphorus salts remain so it still has rigidity and hardness, but collagen/osteoids removed so not flexible and resilient

Front 80

What are the cellular components of bone?

Back 80

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

Front 81

__= bone forming cells found in all bone surfaces
-synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components of bone matrix
-serve as framework for the deposition of calcium/phosphorus salts
-immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix

Back 81

osteoblasts

Front 82

__= mature, nondividing osteoblast surrounded by matrix, lying with lacunae
-maintains the bone matrix

Back 82

osteocytes

Front 83

__= giant multinucleate cells
-responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals
-contain large numbers of mitochondria dn lysosomes
-secretes acid and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix

Back 83

osteoclasts

Front 84

__= compact bone consists of laminated tubes
-each osteon consists of a central canal ( blood vessels and nerves) surrounded by circular plates of bone/ lamellae
-osteons are added on the periphery of the shaft of the bone, thereby increasing the diameter

Back 84

osteonal/haversian system

Front 85

__= formation of true bone by deposition of calcium salts in a matrix of osteoid tissue

* do not confuse with calcification (depositing calcium salts within tissues)

- center- local area of bone formation

- the environment in which a bone forms determines..
endochondral ossification ( in cartilage)
intramembranous ossification ( in fibrous membranes)

- in center of long bones

Back 85

ossification

Front 86

endochondral ossification occurs in ____

intramembranous ossification occurs in ___ bones

Back 86

long bones

flat

Front 87

___ ossification is when an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
-bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane and is calcified
-woven bone and periosteum form
- this results in compact bone surrounding a cancellous bone core

Back 87

intramembranous ossification

Front 88

__= the continous turnover of bone in mature animals
-bone is constantly being formed and resorbed
-bone can shrink, increase in size, repair, rearrange
-controlled by Thyroid/Parathyroid control of calcium levels

Back 88

bone remodelling

Front 89

__ and __ regulates the activity of bone cells

Back 89

parathyroid hormone
calcitonin

Front 90

Role of calcium....

what do PTH and calcitonin do?

Back 90

reservoir of calcium is being constantly depleted/repleted

PTH is secreted by the parathryoid gland and it increases calcium in the blood by increasing net release of calcium salts bc osteoclasts are resorbing bone

since there is higher calcium levels in the blood, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin and it reduces osteoclastic activity and reduces calcium in the blood stream

Front 91

__= break in the continuity of bone

Back 91

fracture

Front 92

__= type of fracture that is unbroke and the skin stays intact

___= type of fracture where wound from the exterior is in contact with the broken bone; particles can enter the bone

Back 92

simple fracture

open fracture

Front 93

__= fracture where only one side of the bone is broken/splintered while other side is intact but bent (young animals)

__= bone is broken across

Back 93

greenstick

complete

Front 94

__= fracture where it is located at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis; at the growth plate

__= bone is broken into smaller pieces and must have vet work done

Back 94

physeal


comminuted

Front 95

steps in healing a fracture..

Back 95

- upon immobilization and apposition ( bringing the bones closer together)
- clot is invaded by connective tissue cells, granulation tissue ( fibroblasts and capillaries) and this starts the healing process
-osteoblasts from the periosteum and the endosteum divide rapidly and produce a large amt of osteoid; callus is formed
-mineralization of callus
-spontaneous deformtiy correction occurs ( callus increases on concave side as stress is greatest there, erodes on convex side)

Front 96

healing of a fracture depends on..

Back 96

age of animal
blood supply to the bone
degree of correction required
presence/absence of infection
amt of damage to associated tissues

Front 97

paathologic conditions of bones caused by...

Back 97

infections, tumors (osteoma, chondroma, sarcoma), endocrine disturbances, or nutritional imbalances

Front 98

pathologic conditions of bones..
__= infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; bacteria that attacks the bone and spins and the ends of the long bone

__= inflammation of bone and bone marrow
-caused by staphylococcus/streptococcus (enter via blood vessel/wound)

Back 98

Bone TB


Osteomyelitis

Front 99

pathologic conditions of bones..

__= any abnormality in bone development
-abnormality in normal Ca and P regulation
-disregulated growth

__= seen in adults; inadequate mineralization of osteoid so rigidity of bone lost

__= hereditary condtion in which metaphyses close/fuse early but bone continues to grow in diameter
-dwarfism
-seen in dogs and cattle

Back 99

osteodystrophy

rickets and osteomalacia

achondroplasia