Anph 209 Exam 4 Notes-Mod 16

Front 1

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Back 1

-continuous supply of oxygen for metabolic activities in body cells

-removal of carbon dioxide from body cells

-regulation of pH of blood

Front 2

PROCESSES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Back 2

1)pulmonary ventilation:"breathing" breathing in (inhalation/inspiration), breathing out (expiration/exhalation)

2)external respiration:exchange of gases (O2&CO2) between blood and lungs

3)transport of respiratory gases:gases are transported in RBCs and blood plasma

4)internal respiration:exchanges of gases (O2&CO2) between blood and tissue cells

Front 3

STRUCTURES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Back 3

2 zones;

1)conducting zone (macroscopic)-passageways for conduction of air-nose,pharynx(throat),larynx(voice box),trachea(windpipe),bronchi and terminal bronchioles

2)respiratory zone(microscopic)-sites involved with exchange of O2 and CO2-respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts,alveoli

Front 4

FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURES OF CONDUCTING ZONE (nose)

Back 4

nose:provides airway for respiration,moistens and warms air,cleans and filters unwanted particles,aid speech,provides site for olfactory receptors.

anterior portion of each nostril(vestibule) contains coarse hair for trapping particles.

nasal cavities(conchae) located in lateral walls of nasal cavities, increase surface area of cavities providing rich supply of blood and warms and moistens incoming air, lots of sticky mucus and traps foreign particles.

internal nares:posterior opening of nasal cavities, provide connection btw nose and pharynx.

paranasal sinuses:air-filled cavities (maxillary frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses) sites for mucus drainage, lighten skull,warm and moisten air and provide chambers for speech resonance.

Front 5

FUNCTIONS OF STRCUTURES OF CONDUCTING ZONE (pharynx)

Back 5

(throat)

3 regions; nasopharynx,oropharynx and laropharynx

-nasopharynx; air passageway, o

-oropharynx and laropharynx; passageway for food and air

Front 6

FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURES OF CONDUCTING ZONE (larynx)

Back 6

(voice box)

-contains vocal cords, connects pharynx to trachea

-provides open passageway for air

-epiglottis(covers opening of larynx) closes of during swallowing

Front 7

FUNCTIONS OF STRCUTURES OF CONDUCTING ZONE (trachea)

Back 7

(windpipe)

-passageway for air to move in and out of lungs

-cleans, warms and moistens air

-c-shaped rings of cartilage prevent trachea from collapsing

Front 8

FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURES OF CONDUCTING ZONE (bronchi) (terminal bronchioles)

Back 8

-trachea branches into 2 tubes (left bronchus and right bronchus) which lead to left and right lungs

-bronchi (plural) clean and warm and moisten air

-provide passageway for air to move to and from bronchioles (smaller tubes)

terminal bronchioles: passageway into respiratory zone

Front 9

FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURES OF RESPIRATORY ZONE (respiratory bronchioles)

Back 9

-formed from branches of terminal bronchioles

Front 10

FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES OF RESPIRATORY ZONE (alveolar ducts)

Back 10

-respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts)

-alveolar ducts lead into clusters of alveoli

Front 11

FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURES OF RESPIRATORY ZONE (alveoli)

Back 11

-air sacs

-300 million in each lungs provide a lot of surface area for exchange of gases

-alveoli are found in clusters called alveolar sacs

-2 important cell types found here;

1)type 1 alveolar cells (simple squamous epithelium) product surfactant-a compound that prevents alveoli from collapsing (surfactant acts like laundry detergent-reduces surface tension btw fluid molecules inside alveoli so they don't adhere to each other and collapse)

2)macrophages (dust cells):wander around cleaning up foreign material

Front 12

LUNGS AND THEIR COVERINGS

Back 12

breathing involves movement of ribs and lungs and diaphragm

Front 13

STRUCTURE OF LUNGS

Back 13

-consist of many air spaces, they only weigh 1kg(2.2 pounds) collectively

-soft,spongy and elastic

-take up all of the thoracic cavity except mediastinum

-cone shaped

-encased by sac called pleura

-hilus-area in each lung where blood vessels,lymphatic vessels,nerves and bronchus enter and leave lung

-concave base sits on diaphragm (muscles)

-apex-extends about 1.3(1/2 inch) above first rib

-right lung has 3 lobes and is involved with about 55% of gas exchange, left lung has 2 lobes and is involved in about 45% of gas exchange

-heart snuggles into left lung in area called cardiac notch

-lobes of both lungs are divided into bronchopulmonary segments;each segment has it own artery and vein

-lobules-small macroscopic subdivisions of bronchopulmonary segments;hexagon shaped, range from size of pencil eraser to size of penny

Front 14

COVERINGS OF LUNGS

Back 14

-sac that completely covers each lungs--pleura

-purpose of pleura=serous fluid btw pleural membranes prevent friction when lungs expand and recoil.

serous membrane of pleura consist of 2 layers; visceral layer:"hugs" lung surface-including areas btwn lobes

parietal layer:lines thoracic chest wall and upper surface of diaphragm

Front 15

MECHANICS OF BREATHING (VENTILATION)

Back 15

-pressure differences btw air in atmosphere and air in lungs causes movement of air into and out of lungs.

-gases move from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure

-when volume increase pressure decreases and vice versa.

-a gas expands to fill given container and when it expands (volume increases) pressure of gas decreases

-containers=atmosphere, the lungs and pleural cavities.

breathing depends on changes in pressure and volumes within these containers

Front 16

DURING NORMAL INHALATION

Back 16

-thoracic chest volume increases

-pressure in lungs decreases

-by contraction of respiratory muscles and diaphragm and intercostal muscles (active process)

-lungs are able to expand when air moves in b/c rib cage moves up and out and diaphragm moves down

Front 17

DURING NORMAL EXHALATION

Back 17

-pressure in lungs increases and forces or out of lungs

-thoracic chest volume decreases

-respiratory muscles relax (passive process)

-lungs recoil let air out, rib cage moves down and diaphragm moves up

Front 18

GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS

Back 18

-exchange of O2 and CO2 in lungs involves alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

-air is inhaled

-O2 from inhaled air diffuses from alveoli into capillaries

-CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

-CO2 is exhaled

Front 19

GAS EXCHANGE IN BODY CELLS

Back 19

two events occur when O2 and CO2 are exchanged btw tissue cells and capillary blood

-O2 leave capillary blood and diffuses into cells where it can be used during cellular metabolism

-CO2 diffuses into capillary blood as metabolism occurs in the cell

Front 20

TRANSPORTATION OF GASES

Back 20

-blood that transports respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) btw lungs and tissue cells. RBCs play major role and blood plasma plays lesser role

Front 21

TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Back 21

-by-porduct of cellular metabolism (CO2) diffuses from tissue cells into capillaries

-blood returns from CO2 to lungs in 3 ways;

1)dissolved in plasma (7%)

2)combined with hemoglobin in the RBCs (23%)

3)as bicarbonate ions in plasma (70%)

Front 22

MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER

Back 22

-sets basic pattern of respiration

-resting adult-inspiration lasts about 2 seconds and expiration about 3 seconds

-normal respiratory rate ranges btw 12 and 20 breaths/min, child=20 to 40 breaths/min

Front 23

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION

Back 23

when abnormal amounts of CO2,hydrogen ions and O2 are dissolved in the blood chemoreceptors (central and peripheral) are stimulated and relay messages to the brain

-central chemoreceptors:found in CNS (medulla), sensitive to increases in CO2 and hydrogen ion levels

-peripheral chemoreceptors:found in PNS (walls of carotid arteries and aorta) detect decreases in oxygen levels

Front 24

OTHER FACTORS THE INFLUENCE BREATHING

Back 24

several reflexes that clear air passages;

-yawning

-sneezing

-coughing

-hiccupping

-crying

-laughing

Front 25

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (bacterial)

Back 25

-bronchitis:inflammation of bronchial tubes, coughing up sputum

-laryngitis:inflammation of larynx(voice box) dry,sore throat, hoarse voice or no voice

-pneumonia:inflammation of lungs,inflamed lungs,high fever, cough, occasional sputum and pus and blood

-sinusitis:inflammation of sinuses, inflammation of paranasal cavities, headaches, pain and pressure and bones of face

-pharyngitis:inflammation of pharynx(throat) sore throat and fever

Front 26

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES-RESPIRATORY SISTEM (viral)

Back 26

-influenza:'flu', fever, headache, sore throat, weakness, and cold

-common cold

Front 27

OTHER DISORDERS IF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Back 27

-respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): hyaline membrane disease (HMD), most common cause of newborn death (born 37th week of gestation), deficient amount of surfactant, difficult breathing, which exhausts infant

-lung cancer:30% cancer deaths, usually die within 1 year, (85%-90%) lung cancer cause by smoking

-asthma:inflammatory disease, produces narrowing of airways; attacks can be fatal, ex. causes; allergies, bee stings, pollen, smoke, coughing, difficulty breathing and wheezing

Front 28

AGING AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Back 28

-lung capacity decreases because airways and tissues of respiratory tract become less elastic, resulting in more rigidity-O2 delivery to tissue cells is impaired

-elderly are more susceptible to disease such as pneumonia, emphysema, bronchitis due to decrease in activity of macrophages and ciliary action of epithelial lining of resp. tract